@node Supporting Relocation
@section Supporting Relocation

It has been a pain for many users of GNU packages for a long time that
packages are not relocatable.  It means a user cannot copy a program,
installed by another user on the same machine, to his home directory,
and have it work correctly (including i18n).  So many users need to go
through @code{configure; make; make install} with all its
dependencies, options, and hurdles.

Red Hat, Debian, and other binary distributions solve the ``ease of
installation'' problem, but they hardwire path names, usually to
@file{/usr} or @file{/usr/local}.  This means that users need root
privileges to install a binary package, and prevents installing two
different versions of the same binary package.

A relocatable program can be moved or copied to a different location
on the file system.  It is possible to make symlinks to the installed
and moved programs, and invoke them through the symlink. It is
possible to do the same thing with a hard link @emph{only} if the hard
link file is in the same directory as the real program.

The @code{relocatable-prog} module aims to ease the process of making a
GNU program relocatable.  It helps overcome two obstacles.  First, it aids
with relocating the hard-coded references to absolute file names that
GNU programs often contain.  These references must be fixed up at
runtime if a program is to be successfully relocated.  The
@code{relocatable-prog} module provides a function @code{relocate} that
does this job.

Second, the loader must be able to find shared libraries linked to
relocatable executables or referenced by other shared libraries linked
to relocatable executables.  The @code{relocatable-prog} module helps out
here in a platform-specific way:

@itemize
@item
On most operating systems, it adds a linker option (@option{-rpath}) that
causes the dynamic linker to search for libraries in a directory relative
to the location of the invoked executable.  This works on GNU/Linux and
modern versions of FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Haiku.

@item
On macOS, it modifies the installed executables after installation in a way
that causes the dynamic linker to search for libraries in a directory relative
to the location of the invoked executable.

@item
On other Unix systems, it installs a trampoline executable.  The trampoline
sets the environment variable that controls shared library searching
(usually @env{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}) and then invokes the real executable.
This applies to operating systems such as AIX, HP-UX, or Minix.

@item
On Windows, the executable's own directory is searched for libraries,
so installing shared libraries into the executable's directory is
sufficient.
@end itemize

You can make your program relocatable by following these steps:

@enumerate
@item
Import the @code{relocatable-prog} module.  For libraries, use the
@code{relocatable-lib} or @code{relocatable-lib-lgpl} module.
If you need more than one module, or you need to use them with different
settings, you will need multiple copies of gnulib (@pxref{Multiple instances}).

@item
In every program, add to @code{main} as the first statement (even
before setting the locale or doing anything related to libintl):

@example
set_program_name (argv[0]);
@end example

The prototype for this function is in @file{progname.h}.

@item
If you want your code to be portable to platforms that do not support
automatic initialization, call @code{set_relocation_prefix}.

@item
Everywhere where you use a constant pathname from installation-time,
wrap it in @code{relocate} so it gets translated to the run-time situation.
Example:

@example
bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
@end example

@noindent
becomes:

@example
bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, relocate (LOCALEDIR));
@end example

The prototype for this function is in @file{relocatable.h}.

There is also a variant of this function, named @code{relocate2}, that
makes it easy to reclaim the memory allocated by the call.

@item
The @code{set_program_name} function can also configure some
additional libraries to relocate files that they access, by defining
corresponding C preprocessor symbols to 1.  The libraries for which
this is supported and the corresponding preprocessor symbols are:

@table @asis
@item libcharset
@code{DEPENDS_ON_LIBCHARSET}

@item libiconv
@code{DEPENDS_ON_LIBICONV}

@item libintl
@code{DEPENDS_ON_LIBINTL}
@end table

Defining the symbol for a library makes every program in the package
depend on that library, whether the program really uses the library or
not, so this feature should be used with some caution.

@item
If your package installs shell scripts, also import the
@code{relocatable-script} module.  Then, near the beginning of each
shell script that your package installs, add the following:

@smallexample
@@relocatable_sh@@

prefix="@@prefix@@"
exec_prefix="@@exec_prefix@@"   # usually needs $prefix.
datarootdir="@@datarootdir@@"   # usually needs $prefix.

if test "@@RELOCATABLE@@" = yes; then
  bindir="@@bindir@@"
  orig_installdir="$bindir" # see Makefile.am's *_SCRIPTS variables
  func_find_curr_installdir # determine curr_installdir
  func_find_prefixes
  relocate () @{
    echo "$1/" \
    | sed -e "s%^$@{orig_installprefix@}/%$@{curr_installprefix@}/%" \
    | sed -e 's,/$,,'
  @}
else
  relocate () @{
    echo "$1"
  @}
fi

# Get some relocated directory names.
sysconfdir=`relocate "@@sysconfdir@@"`          # usually needs $prefix.
some_datadir=`relocate "@@datadir@@/something"` # usually needs $datarootdir.
bindir=`relocate "@@bindir@@"`       # usually needs $exec_prefix, hence $prefix.
@end smallexample

You must adapt the definition of @code{orig_installdir}, depending on
where the script gets installed.  Also, at the end, instead of
@code{sysconfdir} and @code{some_datadir}, transform those variables
that you need.

@item
If your package installs Perl scripts, also import the
@code{relocatable-perl} module.  Then, near the beginning of each
Perl script that your package installs, add the following:

@smallexample
@@relocatable_pl@@
if ("@@RELOCATABLE@@" eq "yes") @{
  my $exec_prefix = "@@exec_prefix@@";
  my $orig_installdir = "@@bindir@@"; # see Makefile.am's *_SCRIPTS variables
  my ($orig_installprefix, $curr_installprefix) =
    find_prefixes($orig_installdir, find_curr_installdir());

  # the subroutine is defined whether or not the enclosing block is executed
  sub relocate @{
    my ($dir) = @@_;
    if ("@@RELOCATABLE@@" eq "yes") @{
      $dir =~ s%^$orig_installprefix/%$curr_installprefix/%;
      $dir =~ s,/$,,;
    @}
    return $dir;
  @}
@}

# Get some relocated directory names.
# (The gnulib module 'configmake' can help with this.)
$sysconfdir = relocate("@@sysconfdir@@");
$some_datadir = relocate(@@datadir@@/something");
@end smallexample

You must adapt the definition of @code{$orig_installdir}, depending on
where the script gets installed.  Also, at the end, instead of
@code{sysconfdir} and @code{some_datadir}, transform those variables
that you need.

@item
In your @file{Makefile.am}, for every program @command{foo} that gets
installed in, say, @file{$(bindir)}, you add:

@example
foo_CPPFLAGS = -DINSTALLDIR=\"$(bindir)\"
if RELOCATABLE_VIA_LD
foo_LDFLAGS = `$(RELOCATABLE_LDFLAGS) $(bindir)`
endif
@end example

When building gnulib to use with a relocatable library, you need to
define the preprocessor symbol @code{IN_LIBRARY}.
You may also want to build with @code{ENABLE_COSTLY_RELOCATABLE}, in which case
you will also need to define @code{INSTALLDIR}.
The following fragment can be added to an override @code{Makefile.am} used
to build gnulib (@pxref{Modified build rules}).

@example
AM_CPPFLAGS += -DIN_LIBRARY -DENABLE_COSTLY_RELOCATABLE

if SHLIBS_IN_BINDIR
AM_CPPFLAGS += -DINSTALLDIR=\"$(bindir)\"
else
AM_CPPFLAGS += -DINSTALLDIR=\"$(libdir)\"
endif
@end example

@code{SHLIBS_IN_BINDIR} is defined in @file{configure.ac} as follows:

@smallexample
AM_CONDITIONAL([SHLIBS_IN_BINDIR],
               [case "$host_os" in mingw* | cygwin*) true;; *) false;; esac])
@end smallexample

@item
You may also need to add a couple of variable assignments to your
@file{configure.ac}.

If your package (or any package you rely on, e.g.@: gettext-runtime)
will be relocated together with a set of installed shared libraries,
then set @var{RELOCATABLE_LIBRARY_PATH} to a colon-separated list
of those libraries' directories, e.g.
@example
RELOCATABLE_LIBRARY_PATH='$(libdir)'
@end example

If your @file{config.h} is not in @file{$(top_builddir)}, then set
@var{RELOCATABLE_CONFIG_H_DIR} to its directory, e.g.
@example
RELOCATABLE_CONFIG_H_DIR='$(top_builddir)/src'
@end example
@end enumerate