Mercurial > octave-nkf
annotate doc/interpreter/func.txi @ 14116:951eacaf9381 stable
Initial documentation for broadcasting and general vectorization guidelines
* vectorize.txi: New file.
* NEWS: Update with location of broadcasting documentation.
* Makefile.am: Add vectorize.texi
* arith.txi: Move accumarray and accumdim docstring to vectorize.txi
* container.txi: Move structfun docstring to vectorize.txi
* expr.txi: Mention broadcasting where relevant.
* func.txi: Move vectorize docstring to vectorize.txi
* matrix.txi: Move function application section to vectorize.txi
* octave.texi: Add vectorize.txi and its menu options
* sparse.txi: Move spfun to vectorize.txi
* tips.txi: Move and rewrite coding tips section in vectorize.txi
* bsxfun.h (is_valid_bsxfun, is_valid_inplace_bsxfun): Rename warning
to "Octave:broadcast"
* accumdim.m: Reformat to use @example in lieu of @smallexample
* warning_ids.m: Add Octave:broadcast
* bsxfun.cc: Reword docstring to mention broadcasting
* cellfun.cc: Move comment about efficiency from tips.txi
* version.h.in: Add a big startup warning about broadcasting
| author | Jordi Gutiérrez Hermoso <jordigh@octave.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Tue, 27 Dec 2011 15:15:41 -0500 |
| parents | b0cdd60db5e5 |
| children | b25559bd5aaa |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 11523 | 1 @c Copyright (C) 1996-2011 John W. Eaton |
| 7018 | 2 @c |
| 3 @c This file is part of Octave. | |
| 4 @c | |
| 5 @c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
| 6 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the | |
| 7 @c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at | |
| 8 @c your option) any later version. | |
| 9 @c | |
| 10 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT | |
| 11 @c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or | |
| 12 @c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License | |
| 13 @c for more details. | |
| 14 @c | |
| 15 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
| 16 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see | |
| 17 @c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | |
| 3294 | 18 |
| 4167 | 19 @node Functions and Scripts |
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20 @chapter Functions and Scripts |
| 3294 | 21 @cindex defining functions |
| 22 @cindex user-defined functions | |
| 23 @cindex functions, user-defined | |
| 24 @cindex script files | |
| 25 | |
| 26 Complicated Octave programs can often be simplified by defining | |
| 27 functions. Functions can be defined directly on the command line during | |
| 28 interactive Octave sessions, or in external files, and can be called just | |
| 29 like built-in functions. | |
| 30 | |
| 31 @menu | |
| 32 * Defining Functions:: | |
| 33 * Multiple Return Values:: | |
| 34 * Variable-length Argument Lists:: | |
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35 * Ignoring Arguments:: |
| 3294 | 36 * Variable-length Return Lists:: |
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37 * Returning from a Function:: |
| 6510 | 38 * Default Arguments:: |
| 3294 | 39 * Function Files:: |
| 40 * Script Files:: | |
| 6638 | 41 * Function Handles Inline Functions and Anonymous Functions:: |
| 6549 | 42 * Commands:: |
| 3294 | 43 * Organization of Functions:: |
| 44 @end menu | |
| 45 | |
| 4167 | 46 @node Defining Functions |
| 3294 | 47 @section Defining Functions |
| 48 @cindex @code{function} statement | |
| 49 @cindex @code{endfunction} statement | |
| 50 | |
| 51 In its simplest form, the definition of a function named @var{name} | |
| 52 looks like this: | |
| 53 | |
| 54 @example | |
| 55 @group | |
| 56 function @var{name} | |
| 57 @var{body} | |
| 58 endfunction | |
| 59 @end group | |
| 60 @end example | |
| 61 | |
| 62 @noindent | |
| 63 A valid function name is like a valid variable name: a sequence of | |
| 64 letters, digits and underscores, not starting with a digit. Functions | |
| 65 share the same pool of names as variables. | |
| 66 | |
| 67 The function @var{body} consists of Octave statements. It is the | |
| 68 most important part of the definition, because it says what the function | |
| 69 should actually @emph{do}. | |
| 70 | |
| 71 For example, here is a function that, when executed, will ring the bell | |
| 72 on your terminal (assuming that it is possible to do so): | |
| 73 | |
| 74 @example | |
| 75 @group | |
| 76 function wakeup | |
| 77 printf ("\a"); | |
| 78 endfunction | |
| 79 @end group | |
| 80 @end example | |
| 81 | |
| 82 The @code{printf} statement (@pxref{Input and Output}) simply tells | |
| 83 Octave to print the string @code{"\a"}. The special character @samp{\a} | |
| 84 stands for the alert character (ASCII 7). @xref{Strings}. | |
| 85 | |
| 86 Once this function is defined, you can ask Octave to evaluate it by | |
| 87 typing the name of the function. | |
| 88 | |
| 89 Normally, you will want to pass some information to the functions you | |
| 90 define. The syntax for passing parameters to a function in Octave is | |
| 91 | |
| 92 @example | |
| 93 @group | |
| 94 function @var{name} (@var{arg-list}) | |
| 95 @var{body} | |
| 96 endfunction | |
| 97 @end group | |
| 98 @end example | |
| 99 | |
| 100 @noindent | |
| 101 where @var{arg-list} is a comma-separated list of the function's | |
| 102 arguments. When the function is called, the argument names are used to | |
| 103 hold the argument values given in the call. The list of arguments may | |
| 104 be empty, in which case this form is equivalent to the one shown above. | |
| 105 | |
| 106 To print a message along with ringing the bell, you might modify the | |
| 6510 | 107 @code{wakeup} to look like this: |
| 3294 | 108 |
| 109 @example | |
| 110 @group | |
| 111 function wakeup (message) | |
| 112 printf ("\a%s\n", message); | |
| 113 endfunction | |
| 114 @end group | |
| 115 @end example | |
| 116 | |
| 117 Calling this function using a statement like this | |
| 118 | |
| 119 @example | |
| 120 wakeup ("Rise and shine!"); | |
| 121 @end example | |
| 122 | |
| 123 @noindent | |
| 124 will cause Octave to ring your terminal's bell and print the message | |
| 125 @samp{Rise and shine!}, followed by a newline character (the @samp{\n} | |
| 126 in the first argument to the @code{printf} statement). | |
| 127 | |
| 128 In most cases, you will also want to get some information back from the | |
| 129 functions you define. Here is the syntax for writing a function that | |
| 130 returns a single value: | |
| 131 | |
| 132 @example | |
| 133 @group | |
| 134 function @var{ret-var} = @var{name} (@var{arg-list}) | |
| 135 @var{body} | |
| 136 endfunction | |
| 137 @end group | |
| 138 @end example | |
| 139 | |
| 140 @noindent | |
| 141 The symbol @var{ret-var} is the name of the variable that will hold the | |
| 142 value to be returned by the function. This variable must be defined | |
| 143 before the end of the function body in order for the function to return | |
| 144 a value. | |
| 145 | |
| 146 Variables used in the body of a function are local to the | |
| 147 function. Variables named in @var{arg-list} and @var{ret-var} are also | |
| 148 local to the function. @xref{Global Variables}, for information about | |
| 149 how to access global variables inside a function. | |
| 150 | |
| 151 For example, here is a function that computes the average of the | |
| 152 elements of a vector: | |
| 153 | |
| 154 @example | |
| 155 @group | |
| 156 function retval = avg (v) | |
| 157 retval = sum (v) / length (v); | |
| 158 endfunction | |
| 159 @end group | |
| 160 @end example | |
| 161 | |
| 162 If we had written @code{avg} like this instead, | |
| 163 | |
| 164 @example | |
| 165 @group | |
| 166 function retval = avg (v) | |
| 4029 | 167 if (isvector (v)) |
| 3294 | 168 retval = sum (v) / length (v); |
| 169 endif | |
| 170 endfunction | |
| 171 @end group | |
| 172 @end example | |
| 173 | |
| 174 @noindent | |
| 175 and then called the function with a matrix instead of a vector as the | |
| 176 argument, Octave would have printed an error message like this: | |
| 177 | |
| 178 @example | |
| 179 @group | |
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180 error: value on right hand side of assignment is undefined |
| 3294 | 181 @end group |
| 182 @end example | |
| 183 | |
| 184 @noindent | |
| 185 because the body of the @code{if} statement was never executed, and | |
| 186 @code{retval} was never defined. To prevent obscure errors like this, | |
| 187 it is a good idea to always make sure that the return variables will | |
| 188 always have values, and to produce meaningful error messages when | |
| 189 problems are encountered. For example, @code{avg} could have been | |
| 190 written like this: | |
| 191 | |
| 192 @example | |
| 193 @group | |
| 194 function retval = avg (v) | |
| 195 retval = 0; | |
| 4029 | 196 if (isvector (v)) |
| 3294 | 197 retval = sum (v) / length (v); |
| 198 else | |
| 199 error ("avg: expecting vector argument"); | |
| 200 endif | |
| 201 endfunction | |
| 202 @end group | |
| 203 @end example | |
| 204 | |
| 205 There is still one additional problem with this function. What if it is | |
| 206 called without an argument? Without additional error checking, Octave | |
| 207 will probably print an error message that won't really help you track | |
| 208 down the source of the error. To allow you to catch errors like this, | |
| 209 Octave provides each function with an automatic variable called | |
| 210 @code{nargin}. Each time a function is called, @code{nargin} is | |
| 211 automatically initialized to the number of arguments that have actually | |
| 212 been passed to the function. For example, we might rewrite the | |
| 213 @code{avg} function like this: | |
| 214 | |
| 215 @example | |
| 216 @group | |
| 217 function retval = avg (v) | |
| 218 retval = 0; | |
| 219 if (nargin != 1) | |
| 220 usage ("avg (vector)"); | |
| 221 endif | |
| 4029 | 222 if (isvector (v)) |
| 3294 | 223 retval = sum (v) / length (v); |
| 224 else | |
| 225 error ("avg: expecting vector argument"); | |
| 226 endif | |
| 227 endfunction | |
| 228 @end group | |
| 229 @end example | |
| 230 | |
| 231 Although Octave does not automatically report an error if you call a | |
| 232 function with more arguments than expected, doing so probably indicates | |
| 233 that something is wrong. Octave also does not automatically report an | |
| 234 error if a function is called with too few arguments, but any attempt to | |
| 235 use a variable that has not been given a value will result in an error. | |
| 236 To avoid such problems and to provide useful messages, we check for both | |
| 237 possibilities and issue our own error message. | |
| 238 | |
| 4700 | 239 @DOCSTRING(nargin) |
| 3294 | 240 |
| 6558 | 241 @DOCSTRING(inputname) |
| 242 | |
| 3371 | 243 @DOCSTRING(silent_functions) |
| 3294 | 244 |
| 4167 | 245 @node Multiple Return Values |
| 3294 | 246 @section Multiple Return Values |
| 247 | |
| 248 Unlike many other computer languages, Octave allows you to define | |
| 249 functions that return more than one value. The syntax for defining | |
| 250 functions that return multiple values is | |
| 251 | |
| 252 @example | |
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253 @group |
| 3294 | 254 function [@var{ret-list}] = @var{name} (@var{arg-list}) |
| 255 @var{body} | |
| 256 endfunction | |
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257 @end group |
| 3294 | 258 @end example |
| 259 | |
| 260 @noindent | |
| 261 where @var{name}, @var{arg-list}, and @var{body} have the same meaning | |
| 262 as before, and @var{ret-list} is a comma-separated list of variable | |
| 263 names that will hold the values returned from the function. The list of | |
| 264 return values must have at least one element. If @var{ret-list} has | |
| 265 only one element, this form of the @code{function} statement is | |
| 266 equivalent to the form described in the previous section. | |
| 267 | |
| 268 Here is an example of a function that returns two values, the maximum | |
| 269 element of a vector and the index of its first occurrence in the vector. | |
| 270 | |
| 271 @example | |
| 272 @group | |
| 273 function [max, idx] = vmax (v) | |
| 274 idx = 1; | |
| 275 max = v (idx); | |
| 276 for i = 2:length (v) | |
| 277 if (v (i) > max) | |
| 278 max = v (i); | |
| 279 idx = i; | |
| 280 endif | |
| 281 endfor | |
| 282 endfunction | |
| 283 @end group | |
| 284 @end example | |
| 285 | |
| 286 In this particular case, the two values could have been returned as | |
| 287 elements of a single array, but that is not always possible or | |
| 288 convenient. The values to be returned may not have compatible | |
| 289 dimensions, and it is often desirable to give the individual return | |
| 290 values distinct names. | |
| 291 | |
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292 It is possible to use the @code{nthargout} function to obtain only some |
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293 of the return values or several at once in a cell array. |
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294 @ref{Cell Array Objects} |
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295 |
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296 @DOCSTRING(nthargout) |
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297 |
| 3294 | 298 In addition to setting @code{nargin} each time a function is called, |
| 299 Octave also automatically initializes @code{nargout} to the number of | |
| 300 values that are expected to be returned. This allows you to write | |
| 301 functions that behave differently depending on the number of values that | |
| 302 the user of the function has requested. The implicit assignment to the | |
| 303 built-in variable @code{ans} does not figure in the count of output | |
| 304 arguments, so the value of @code{nargout} may be zero. | |
| 305 | |
| 306 The @code{svd} and @code{lu} functions are examples of built-in | |
| 307 functions that behave differently depending on the value of | |
| 308 @code{nargout}. | |
| 309 | |
| 310 It is possible to write functions that only set some return values. For | |
| 311 example, calling the function | |
| 312 | |
| 313 @example | |
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314 @group |
| 3294 | 315 function [x, y, z] = f () |
| 316 x = 1; | |
| 317 z = 2; | |
| 318 endfunction | |
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319 @end group |
| 3294 | 320 @end example |
| 321 | |
| 322 @noindent | |
| 323 as | |
| 324 | |
| 325 @example | |
| 326 [a, b, c] = f () | |
| 327 @end example | |
| 328 | |
| 329 @noindent | |
| 330 produces: | |
| 331 | |
| 332 @example | |
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333 @group |
| 3294 | 334 a = 1 |
| 335 | |
| 336 b = [](0x0) | |
| 337 | |
| 338 c = 2 | |
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339 @end group |
| 3294 | 340 @end example |
| 341 | |
| 342 @noindent | |
| 6501 | 343 along with a warning. |
| 3294 | 344 |
| 4700 | 345 @DOCSTRING(nargout) |
| 3294 | 346 |
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347 It is good practice at the head of a function to verify that it has been called |
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348 correctly. In Octave the following idiom is seen frequently |
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349 |
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350 @example |
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351 @group |
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352 if (nargin < min_#_inputs || nargin > max_#_inputs) |
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353 print_usage (); |
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354 endif |
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355 @end group |
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356 @end example |
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357 |
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358 @noindent |
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359 which stops the function execution and prints a message about the correct |
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360 way to call the function whenever the number of inputs is wrong. |
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361 |
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362 For compatibility with @sc{matlab}, @code{nargchk}, @code{narginchk} and |
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363 @code{nargoutchk} are available which provide similar error checking. |
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364 |
| 3371 | 365 @DOCSTRING(nargchk) |
| 3294 | 366 |
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367 @DOCSTRING(narginchk) |
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368 |
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369 @DOCSTRING(nargoutchk) |
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370 |
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371 @anchor{doc-varargin} @anchor{doc-varargout} |
| 4167 | 372 @node Variable-length Argument Lists |
| 3294 | 373 @section Variable-length Argument Lists |
| 4933 | 374 @cindex variable-length argument lists |
| 8567 | 375 @cindex @code{varargin} |
| 8072 | 376 |
| 6510 | 377 Sometimes the number of input arguments is not known when the function |
| 378 is defined. As an example think of a function that returns the smallest | |
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379 of all its input arguments. For example: |
| 6510 | 380 |
| 381 @example | |
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382 @group |
| 6510 | 383 a = smallest (1, 2, 3); |
| 384 b = smallest (1, 2, 3, 4); | |
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385 @end group |
| 6510 | 386 @end example |
| 387 | |
| 388 @noindent | |
| 389 In this example both @code{a} and @code{b} would be 1. One way to write | |
| 390 the @code{smallest} function is | |
| 391 | |
| 392 @example | |
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393 @group |
| 6510 | 394 function val = smallest (arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5) |
| 395 @var{body} | |
| 396 endfunction | |
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397 @end group |
| 6510 | 398 @end example |
| 399 | |
| 400 @noindent | |
| 401 and then use the value of @code{nargin} to determine which of the input | |
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402 arguments should be considered. The problem with this approach is |
| 6510 | 403 that it can only handle a limited number of input arguments. |
| 404 | |
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405 If the special parameter name @code{varargin} appears at the end of a |
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406 function parameter list it indicates that the function takes a variable |
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407 number of input arguments. Using @code{varargin} the function |
| 6510 | 408 looks like this |
| 409 | |
| 410 @example | |
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411 @group |
| 6510 | 412 function val = smallest (varargin) |
| 413 @var{body} | |
| 414 endfunction | |
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415 @end group |
| 6510 | 416 @end example |
| 417 | |
| 418 @noindent | |
| 419 In the function body the input arguments can be accessed through the | |
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420 variable @code{varargin}. This variable is a cell array containing |
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421 all the input arguments. @xref{Cell Arrays}, for details on working |
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422 with cell arrays. The @code{smallest} function can now be defined |
| 6510 | 423 like this |
| 424 | |
| 425 @example | |
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426 @group |
| 6510 | 427 function val = smallest (varargin) |
| 428 val = min ([varargin@{:@}]); | |
| 429 endfunction | |
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430 @end group |
| 6510 | 431 @end example |
| 432 | |
| 433 @noindent | |
| 434 This implementation handles any number of input arguments, but it's also | |
| 435 a very simple solution to the problem. | |
| 436 | |
| 437 A slightly more complex example of @code{varargin} is a function | |
| 438 @code{print_arguments} that prints all input arguments. Such a function | |
| 439 can be defined like this | |
| 440 | |
| 441 @example | |
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442 @group |
| 6510 | 443 function print_arguments (varargin) |
| 444 for i = 1:length (varargin) | |
| 445 printf ("Input argument %d: ", i); | |
| 446 disp (varargin@{i@}); | |
| 447 endfor | |
| 448 endfunction | |
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449 @end group |
| 6510 | 450 @end example |
| 451 | |
| 452 @noindent | |
| 453 This function produces output like this | |
| 454 | |
| 455 @example | |
| 456 @group | |
| 457 print_arguments (1, "two", 3); | |
| 458 @print{} Input argument 1: 1 | |
| 459 @print{} Input argument 2: two | |
| 460 @print{} Input argument 3: 3 | |
| 461 @end group | |
| 462 @end example | |
| 3294 | 463 |
| 6558 | 464 @DOCSTRING(parseparams) |
| 465 | |
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466 @node Ignoring Arguments |
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467 @section Ignoring Arguments |
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468 |
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469 In the formal argument list, it is possible to use the dummy placeholder |
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470 @code{~} instead of a name. This indicates that the corresponding argument |
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471 value should be ignored and not stored to any variable. |
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472 |
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473 @example |
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474 @group |
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475 function val = pick2nd (~, arg2) |
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476 val = arg2; |
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477 endfunction |
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478 @end group |
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479 @end example |
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480 |
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481 The value of @code{nargin} is not affected by using this declaration. |
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482 |
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483 Return arguments can also be ignored using the same syntax. Functions may |
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484 take advantage of ignored outputs to reduce the number of calculations |
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485 performed. To do so, use the @code{isargout} function to query whether the |
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486 output argument is wanted. For example: |
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487 |
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488 @example |
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489 @group |
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490 function [out1, out2] = long_function (x, y, z) |
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491 if (isargout (1)) |
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492 ## Long calculation |
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493 @dots{} |
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494 out1 = result; |
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495 endif |
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496 @dots{} |
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497 endfunction |
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498 @end group |
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499 @end example |
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500 |
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501 @DOCSTRING(isargout) |
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502 |
| 4167 | 503 @node Variable-length Return Lists |
| 3294 | 504 @section Variable-length Return Lists |
| 4933 | 505 @cindex variable-length return lists |
| 8567 | 506 @cindex @code{varargout} |
| 8072 | 507 |
| 6510 | 508 It is possible to return a variable number of output arguments from a |
| 509 function using a syntax that's similar to the one used with the | |
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510 special @code{varargin} parameter name. To let a function return a |
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511 variable number of output arguments the special output parameter name |
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512 @code{varargout} is used. As with @code{varargin}, @code{varargout} is |
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513 a cell array that will contain the requested output arguments. |
| 6510 | 514 |
| 515 As an example the following function sets the first output argument to | |
| 516 1, the second to 2, and so on. | |
| 517 | |
| 518 @example | |
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519 @group |
| 6510 | 520 function varargout = one_to_n () |
| 521 for i = 1:nargout | |
| 522 varargout@{i@} = i; | |
| 523 endfor | |
| 524 endfunction | |
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525 @end group |
| 6510 | 526 @end example |
| 527 | |
| 528 @noindent | |
| 529 When called this function returns values like this | |
| 530 | |
| 531 @example | |
| 532 @group | |
| 533 [a, b, c] = one_to_n () | |
| 534 @result{} a = 1 | |
| 535 @result{} b = 2 | |
| 536 @result{} c = 3 | |
| 537 @end group | |
| 538 @end example | |
| 3294 | 539 |
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540 If @code{varargin} (@code{varargout}) does not appear as the last |
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541 element of the input (output) parameter list, then it is not special, |
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542 and is handled the same as any other parameter name. |
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543 |
| 6558 | 544 @DOCSTRING(deal) |
| 545 | |
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546 @node Returning from a Function |
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547 @section Returning from a Function |
| 3294 | 548 |
| 549 The body of a user-defined function can contain a @code{return} statement. | |
| 550 This statement returns control to the rest of the Octave program. It | |
| 551 looks like this: | |
| 552 | |
| 553 @example | |
| 554 return | |
| 555 @end example | |
| 556 | |
| 557 Unlike the @code{return} statement in C, Octave's @code{return} | |
| 558 statement cannot be used to return a value from a function. Instead, | |
| 559 you must assign values to the list of return variables that are part of | |
| 560 the @code{function} statement. The @code{return} statement simply makes | |
| 561 it easier to exit a function from a deeply nested loop or conditional | |
| 562 statement. | |
| 563 | |
| 564 Here is an example of a function that checks to see if any elements of a | |
| 565 vector are nonzero. | |
| 566 | |
| 567 @example | |
| 568 @group | |
| 569 function retval = any_nonzero (v) | |
| 570 retval = 0; | |
| 571 for i = 1:length (v) | |
| 572 if (v (i) != 0) | |
| 573 retval = 1; | |
| 574 return; | |
| 575 endif | |
| 576 endfor | |
| 577 printf ("no nonzero elements found\n"); | |
| 578 endfunction | |
| 579 @end group | |
| 580 @end example | |
| 581 | |
| 582 Note that this function could not have been written using the | |
| 583 @code{break} statement to exit the loop once a nonzero value is found | |
| 584 without adding extra logic to avoid printing the message if the vector | |
| 585 does contain a nonzero element. | |
| 586 | |
| 11547 | 587 @deftypefn {Keyword} {} return |
| 3294 | 588 When Octave encounters the keyword @code{return} inside a function or |
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589 script, it returns control to the caller immediately. At the top level, |
| 3294 | 590 the return statement is ignored. A @code{return} statement is assumed |
| 591 at the end of every function definition. | |
| 11547 | 592 @end deftypefn |
| 3294 | 593 |
| 6510 | 594 @node Default Arguments |
| 595 @section Default Arguments | |
| 596 @cindex default arguments | |
| 597 | |
| 598 Since Octave supports variable number of input arguments, it is very useful | |
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599 to assign default values to some input arguments. When an input argument |
| 6510 | 600 is declared in the argument list it is possible to assign a default |
| 601 value to the argument like this | |
| 602 | |
| 603 @example | |
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604 @group |
| 6510 | 605 function @var{name} (@var{arg1} = @var{val1}, @dots{}) |
| 606 @var{body} | |
| 607 endfunction | |
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608 @end group |
| 6510 | 609 @end example |
| 610 | |
| 611 @noindent | |
| 612 If no value is assigned to @var{arg1} by the user, it will have the | |
| 613 value @var{val1}. | |
| 614 | |
| 615 As an example, the following function implements a variant of the classic | |
| 616 ``Hello, World'' program. | |
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617 |
| 6510 | 618 @example |
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619 @group |
| 6510 | 620 function hello (who = "World") |
| 621 printf ("Hello, %s!\n", who); | |
| 622 endfunction | |
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623 @end group |
| 6510 | 624 @end example |
| 625 | |
| 626 @noindent | |
| 627 When called without an input argument the function prints the following | |
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628 |
| 6510 | 629 @example |
| 630 @group | |
| 631 hello (); | |
| 632 @print{} Hello, World! | |
| 633 @end group | |
| 634 @end example | |
| 635 | |
| 636 @noindent | |
| 637 and when it's called with an input argument it prints the following | |
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638 |
| 6510 | 639 @example |
| 640 @group | |
| 641 hello ("Beautiful World of Free Software"); | |
| 642 @print{} Hello, Beautiful World of Free Software! | |
| 643 @end group | |
| 644 @end example | |
| 645 | |
| 646 Sometimes it is useful to explicitly tell Octave to use the default value | |
| 647 of an input argument. This can be done writing a @samp{:} as the value | |
| 648 of the input argument when calling the function. | |
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649 |
| 6510 | 650 @example |
| 651 @group | |
| 652 hello (:); | |
| 653 @print{} Hello, World! | |
| 654 @end group | |
| 655 @end example | |
| 656 | |
| 4167 | 657 @node Function Files |
| 3294 | 658 @section Function Files |
| 659 @cindex function file | |
| 660 | |
| 661 Except for simple one-shot programs, it is not practical to have to | |
| 662 define all the functions you need each time you need them. Instead, you | |
| 663 will normally want to save them in a file so that you can easily edit | |
| 664 them, and save them for use at a later time. | |
| 665 | |
| 666 Octave does not require you to load function definitions from files | |
| 667 before using them. You simply need to put the function definitions in a | |
| 668 place where Octave can find them. | |
| 669 | |
| 670 When Octave encounters an identifier that is undefined, it first looks | |
| 671 for variables or functions that are already compiled and currently | |
| 672 listed in its symbol table. If it fails to find a definition there, it | |
| 6556 | 673 searches a list of directories (the @dfn{path}) for files ending in |
| 6554 | 674 @file{.m} that have the same base name as the undefined |
| 675 identifier.@footnote{The @samp{.m} suffix was chosen for compatibility | |
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676 with @sc{matlab}.} Once Octave finds a file with a name that matches, |
| 6554 | 677 the contents of the file are read. If it defines a @emph{single} |
| 678 function, it is compiled and executed. @xref{Script Files}, for more | |
| 679 information about how you can define more than one function in a single | |
| 680 file. | |
| 3294 | 681 |
| 682 When Octave defines a function from a function file, it saves the full | |
| 6554 | 683 name of the file it read and the time stamp on the file. If the time |
| 684 stamp on the file changes, Octave may reload the file. When Octave is | |
| 685 running interactively, time stamp checking normally happens at most once | |
| 686 each time Octave prints the prompt. Searching for new function | |
| 687 definitions also occurs if the current working directory changes. | |
| 3294 | 688 |
| 689 Checking the time stamp allows you to edit the definition of a function | |
| 690 while Octave is running, and automatically use the new function | |
| 6554 | 691 definition without having to restart your Octave session. |
| 3294 | 692 |
| 693 To avoid degrading performance unnecessarily by checking the time stamps | |
| 694 on functions that are not likely to change, Octave assumes that function | |
| 695 files in the directory tree | |
| 696 @file{@var{octave-home}/share/octave/@var{version}/m} | |
| 697 will not change, so it doesn't have to check their time stamps every time the | |
| 698 functions defined in those files are used. This is normally a very good | |
| 699 assumption and provides a significant improvement in performance for the | |
| 700 function files that are distributed with Octave. | |
| 701 | |
| 702 If you know that your own function files will not change while you are | |
| 6554 | 703 running Octave, you can improve performance by calling |
| 704 @code{ignore_function_time_stamp ("all")}, so that Octave will | |
| 705 ignore the time stamps for all function files. Passing | |
| 706 @code{"system"} to this function resets the default behavior. | |
| 3294 | 707 |
| 5775 | 708 @c FIXME -- note about time stamps on files in NFS environments? |
| 3294 | 709 |
|
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710 @DOCSTRING(edit) |
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711 |
| 6549 | 712 @DOCSTRING(mfilename) |
| 713 | |
| 6638 | 714 @DOCSTRING(ignore_function_time_stamp) |
| 715 | |
| 716 @menu | |
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717 * Manipulating the Load Path:: |
| 6638 | 718 * Subfunctions:: |
|
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719 * Private Functions:: |
| 6638 | 720 * Overloading and Autoloading:: |
| 721 * Function Locking:: | |
|
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722 * Function Precedence:: |
| 6638 | 723 @end menu |
| 724 | |
|
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725 @node Manipulating the Load Path |
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726 @subsection Manipulating the Load Path |
| 6638 | 727 |
| 8828 | 728 When a function is called, Octave searches a list of directories for |
|
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729 a file that contains the function declaration. This list of directories |
|
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730 is known as the load path. By default the load path contains |
| 6638 | 731 a list of directories distributed with Octave plus the current |
|
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732 working directory. To see your current load path call the @code{path} |
| 6638 | 733 function without any input or output arguments. |
| 734 | |
| 735 It is possible to add or remove directories to or from the load path | |
|
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736 using @code{addpath} and @code{rmpath}. As an example, the following |
| 6638 | 737 code adds @samp{~/Octave} to the load path. |
| 738 | |
| 739 @example | |
| 740 addpath("~/Octave") | |
| 741 @end example | |
| 742 | |
| 743 @noindent | |
| 744 After this the directory @samp{~/Octave} will be searched for functions. | |
| 745 | |
| 6502 | 746 @DOCSTRING(addpath) |
| 747 | |
| 748 @DOCSTRING(genpath) | |
| 749 | |
| 750 @DOCSTRING(rmpath) | |
| 751 | |
| 752 @DOCSTRING(savepath) | |
| 753 | |
| 6477 | 754 @DOCSTRING(path) |
| 3294 | 755 |
| 6502 | 756 @DOCSTRING(pathdef) |
| 757 | |
| 758 @DOCSTRING(pathsep) | |
| 759 | |
| 3428 | 760 @DOCSTRING(rehash) |
| 761 | |
| 762 @DOCSTRING(file_in_loadpath) | |
| 763 | |
|
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764 @DOCSTRING(restoredefaultpath) |
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765 |
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766 @DOCSTRING(command_line_path) |
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767 |
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768 @DOCSTRING(find_dir_in_path) |
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769 |
| 6556 | 770 @node Subfunctions |
| 771 @subsection Subfunctions | |
| 772 | |
| 773 A function file may contain secondary functions called | |
| 774 @dfn{subfunctions}. These secondary functions are only visible to the | |
| 775 other functions in the same function file. For example, a file | |
| 776 @file{f.m} containing | |
| 777 | |
| 778 @example | |
| 779 @group | |
| 780 function f () | |
| 781 printf ("in f, calling g\n"); | |
| 782 g () | |
| 783 endfunction | |
| 784 function g () | |
| 785 printf ("in g, calling h\n"); | |
| 6638 | 786 h () |
| 6556 | 787 endfunction |
| 788 function h () | |
| 789 printf ("in h\n") | |
| 790 endfunction | |
| 791 @end group | |
| 792 @end example | |
| 793 | |
| 794 @noindent | |
| 795 defines a main function @code{f} and two subfunctions. The | |
| 796 subfunctions @code{g} and @code{h} may only be called from the main | |
| 797 function @code{f} or from the other subfunctions, but not from outside | |
| 798 the file @file{f.m}. | |
| 799 | |
|
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800 @node Private Functions |
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801 @subsection Private Functions |
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802 |
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803 In many cases one function needs to access one or more helper |
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804 functions. If the helper function is limited to the scope of a single |
|
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805 function, then subfunctions as discussed above might be used. However, |
|
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806 if a single helper function is used by more than one function, then |
|
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807 this is no longer possible. In this case the helper functions might |
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808 be placed in a subdirectory, called "private", of the directory in which |
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809 the functions needing access to this helper function are found. |
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810 |
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811 As a simple example, consider a function @code{func1}, that calls a helper |
|
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812 function @code{func2} to do much of the work. For example: |
|
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813 |
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814 @example |
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815 @group |
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816 function y = func1 (x) |
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817 y = func2 (x); |
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818 endfunction |
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819 @end group |
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820 @end example |
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821 |
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822 @noindent |
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823 Then if the path to @code{func1} is @code{<directory>/func1.m}, and if |
|
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824 @code{func2} is found in the directory @code{<directory>/private/func2.m}, |
|
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825 then @code{func2} is only available for use of the functions, like |
|
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826 @code{func1}, that are found in @code{<directory>}. |
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827 |
| 6635 | 828 @node Overloading and Autoloading |
| 829 @subsection Overloading and Autoloading | |
| 830 | |
|
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831 Functions can be overloaded to work with different input arguments. For |
|
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832 example, the operator '+' has been overloaded in Octave to work with single, |
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833 double, uint8, int32, and many other arguments. The preferred way to overload |
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834 functions is through classes and object oriented programming |
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835 (@pxref{Function Overloading}). Occasionally, however, one needs to undo |
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836 user overloading and call the default function associated with a specific |
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|
837 type. The @code{builtin} function exists for this purpose. |
| 6635 | 838 |
| 839 @DOCSTRING(builtin) | |
| 840 | |
| 841 A single dynamically linked file might define several | |
|
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842 functions. However, as Octave searches for functions based on the |
| 6635 | 843 functions filename, Octave needs a manner in which to find each of the |
|
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|
844 functions in the dynamically linked file. On operating systems that |
| 6635 | 845 support symbolic links, it is possible to create a symbolic link to the |
| 846 original file for each of the functions which it contains. | |
| 847 | |
| 848 However, there is at least one well known operating system that doesn't | |
|
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849 support symbolic links. Making copies of the original file for each of |
| 8828 | 850 the functions is undesirable as it increases the |
|
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851 amount of disk space used by Octave. Instead Octave supplies the |
| 6635 | 852 @code{autoload} function, that permits the user to define in which |
| 853 file a certain function will be found. | |
| 854 | |
| 855 @DOCSTRING(autoload) | |
| 856 | |
| 857 @node Function Locking | |
| 858 @subsection Function Locking | |
| 859 | |
| 860 It is sometime desirable to lock a function into memory with the | |
|
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861 @code{mlock} function. This is typically used for dynamically linked |
| 6899 | 862 functions in Oct-files or mex-files that contain some initialization, |
| 863 and it is desirable that calling @code{clear} does not remove this | |
| 6635 | 864 initialization. |
| 865 | |
| 6899 | 866 As an example, |
| 867 | |
| 868 @example | |
| 869 mlock ("my_function"); | |
| 870 @end example | |
| 871 | |
| 872 @noindent | |
| 873 prevents @code{my_function} from being removed from memory, even if | |
| 874 @code{clear} is called. It is possible to determine if a function is | |
| 875 locked into memory with the @code{mislocked}, and to unlock a function | |
| 876 with @code{munlock}, which the following illustrates. | |
| 877 | |
| 878 @example | |
| 879 @group | |
| 880 mlock ("my_function"); | |
| 881 mislocked ("my_function") | |
| 882 @result{} ans = 1 | |
| 883 munlock ("my_function"); | |
| 884 mislocked ("my_function") | |
| 885 @result{} ans = 0 | |
| 886 @end group | |
| 887 @end example | |
| 888 | |
| 889 A common use of @code{mlock} is to prevent persistent variables from | |
| 8828 | 890 being removed from memory, as the following example shows: |
| 6899 | 891 |
| 892 @example | |
| 893 @group | |
| 894 function count_calls() | |
| 895 persistent calls = 0; | |
| 7031 | 896 printf ("'count_calls' has been called %d times\n", |
| 897 ++calls); | |
| 6899 | 898 endfunction |
| 899 mlock ("count_calls"); | |
| 900 | |
| 901 count_calls (); | |
| 902 @print{} 'count_calls' has been called 1 times | |
| 903 | |
| 904 clear count_calls | |
| 905 count_calls (); | |
| 906 @print{} 'count_calls' has been called 2 times | |
| 907 @end group | |
| 908 @end example | |
| 909 | |
| 910 @noindent | |
| 911 It is, however, often inconvenient to lock a function from the prompt, | |
| 912 so it is also possible to lock a function from within its body. This | |
| 913 is simply done by calling @code{mlock} from within the function. | |
| 914 | |
| 915 @example | |
| 916 @group | |
| 917 function count_calls () | |
| 918 mlock (); | |
| 919 persistent calls = 0; | |
| 7031 | 920 printf ("'count_calls' has been called %d times\n", |
| 921 ++calls); | |
| 6899 | 922 endfunction |
| 923 @end group | |
| 924 @end example | |
| 925 | |
| 926 @code{mlock} might equally be used to prevent changes to a function from having | |
| 6635 | 927 effect in Octave, though a similar effect can be had with the |
| 928 @code{ignore_function_time_stamp} function. | |
| 929 | |
| 930 @DOCSTRING(mlock) | |
| 931 | |
| 932 @DOCSTRING(munlock) | |
| 933 | |
| 934 @DOCSTRING(mislocked) | |
| 935 | |
|
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936 @node Function Precedence |
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937 @subsection Function Precedence |
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938 |
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939 Given the numerous different ways that Octave can define a function, it |
|
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940 is possible and even likely that multiple versions of a function, might be |
|
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941 defined within a particular scope. The precedence of which function will be |
|
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942 used within a particular scope is given by |
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943 |
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944 @enumerate 1 |
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945 @item Subfunction |
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946 A subfunction with the required function name in the given scope. |
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947 |
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948 @item Private function |
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949 A function defined within a private directory of the directory |
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950 which contains the current function. |
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951 |
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952 @item Class constructor |
|
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|
953 A function that constuctors a user class as defined in chapter |
|
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|
954 @ref{Object Oriented Programming}. |
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955 |
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|
956 @item Class method |
|
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|
957 An overloaded function of a class as in chapter |
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|
958 @ref{Object Oriented Programming}. |
|
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|
959 |
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|
960 @item Legacy Dispatch |
|
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961 An overloaded function as defined by @code{dispatch}. |
|
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962 |
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|
963 @item Command-line Function |
|
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964 A function that has been defined on the command-line. |
|
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965 |
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|
966 @item Autoload function |
| 8235 | 967 A function that is marked as autoloaded with @xref{doc-autoload}. |
|
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968 |
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|
969 @item A Function on the Path |
|
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970 A function that can be found on the users load-path. There can also be |
|
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|
971 Oct-file, mex-file or m-file versions of this function and the precedence |
|
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|
972 between these versions are in that order. |
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973 |
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|
974 @item Built-in function |
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975 A function that is builtin to Octave itself such as @code{numel}, |
|
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976 @code{size}, etc. |
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|
977 @end enumerate |
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|
978 |
| 4167 | 979 @node Script Files |
| 3294 | 980 @section Script Files |
| 981 | |
| 982 A script file is a file containing (almost) any sequence of Octave | |
| 983 commands. It is read and evaluated just as if you had typed each | |
| 984 command at the Octave prompt, and provides a convenient way to perform a | |
| 985 sequence of commands that do not logically belong inside a function. | |
| 986 | |
| 987 Unlike a function file, a script file must @emph{not} begin with the | |
| 988 keyword @code{function}. If it does, Octave will assume that it is a | |
| 989 function file, and that it defines a single function that should be | |
| 990 evaluated as soon as it is defined. | |
| 991 | |
| 992 A script file also differs from a function file in that the variables | |
| 993 named in a script file are not local variables, but are in the same | |
| 994 scope as the other variables that are visible on the command line. | |
| 995 | |
| 996 Even though a script file may not begin with the @code{function} | |
| 997 keyword, it is possible to define more than one function in a single | |
| 998 script file and load (but not execute) all of them at once. To do | |
| 999 this, the first token in the file (ignoring comments and other white | |
| 1000 space) must be something other than @code{function}. If you have no | |
| 1001 other statements to evaluate, you can use a statement that has no | |
| 1002 effect, like this: | |
| 1003 | |
| 1004 @example | |
| 1005 @group | |
| 1006 # Prevent Octave from thinking that this | |
| 1007 # is a function file: | |
| 1008 | |
| 1009 1; | |
| 1010 | |
| 1011 # Define function one: | |
| 1012 | |
| 1013 function one () | |
|
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|
1014 @dots{} |
| 3294 | 1015 @end group |
| 1016 @end example | |
| 1017 | |
| 1018 To have Octave read and compile these functions into an internal form, | |
| 6638 | 1019 you need to make sure that the file is in Octave's load path |
| 6477 | 1020 (accessible through the @code{path} function), then simply type the |
| 1021 base name of the file that contains the commands. (Octave uses the | |
| 1022 same rules to search for script files as it does to search for | |
| 1023 function files.) | |
| 3294 | 1024 |
| 1025 If the first token in a file (ignoring comments) is @code{function}, | |
| 1026 Octave will compile the function and try to execute it, printing a | |
| 1027 message warning about any non-whitespace characters that appear after | |
| 1028 the function definition. | |
| 1029 | |
| 1030 Note that Octave does not try to look up the definition of any identifier | |
| 1031 until it needs to evaluate it. This means that Octave will compile the | |
| 1032 following statements if they appear in a script file, or are typed at | |
| 1033 the command line, | |
| 1034 | |
| 1035 @example | |
| 1036 @group | |
| 1037 # not a function file: | |
| 1038 1; | |
| 1039 function foo () | |
| 1040 do_something (); | |
| 1041 endfunction | |
| 1042 function do_something () | |
| 1043 do_something_else (); | |
| 1044 endfunction | |
| 1045 @end group | |
| 1046 @end example | |
| 1047 | |
| 1048 @noindent | |
| 1049 even though the function @code{do_something} is not defined before it is | |
| 1050 referenced in the function @code{foo}. This is not an error because | |
| 1051 Octave does not need to resolve all symbols that are referenced by a | |
| 1052 function until the function is actually evaluated. | |
| 1053 | |
| 1054 Since Octave doesn't look for definitions until they are needed, the | |
| 1055 following code will always print @samp{bar = 3} whether it is typed | |
| 1056 directly on the command line, read from a script file, or is part of a | |
| 1057 function body, even if there is a function or script file called | |
| 6477 | 1058 @file{bar.m} in Octave's path. |
| 3294 | 1059 |
| 1060 @example | |
| 1061 @group | |
| 1062 eval ("bar = 3"); | |
| 1063 bar | |
| 1064 @end group | |
| 1065 @end example | |
| 1066 | |
| 1067 Code like this appearing within a function body could fool Octave if | |
| 1068 definitions were resolved as the function was being compiled. It would | |
| 1069 be virtually impossible to make Octave clever enough to evaluate this | |
| 1070 code in a consistent fashion. The parser would have to be able to | |
| 1071 perform the call to @code{eval} at compile time, and that would be | |
| 1072 impossible unless all the references in the string to be evaluated could | |
| 1073 also be resolved, and requiring that would be too restrictive (the | |
| 1074 string might come from user input, or depend on things that are not | |
| 1075 known until the function is evaluated). | |
| 1076 | |
| 1077 Although Octave normally executes commands from script files that have | |
| 1078 the name @file{@var{file}.m}, you can use the function @code{source} to | |
| 1079 execute commands from any file. | |
| 1080 | |
| 3371 | 1081 @DOCSTRING(source) |
| 3294 | 1082 |
| 6638 | 1083 @node Function Handles Inline Functions and Anonymous Functions |
| 1084 @section Function Handles, Inline Functions, and Anonymous Functions | |
| 4933 | 1085 @cindex handle, function handles |
| 1086 @cindex inline, inline functions | |
| 6638 | 1087 @cindex anonymous functions |
| 4933 | 1088 |
| 6638 | 1089 It can be very convenient store a function in a variable so that it |
|
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|
1090 can be passed to a different function. For example, a function that |
|
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|
1091 performs numerical minimization needs access to the function that |
|
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|
1092 should be minimized. |
| 4933 | 1093 |
| 1094 @menu | |
| 1095 * Function Handles:: | |
| 6554 | 1096 * Anonymous Functions:: |
| 4933 | 1097 * Inline Functions:: |
| 1098 @end menu | |
| 1099 | |
| 1100 @node Function Handles | |
| 1101 @subsection Function Handles | |
| 1102 | |
| 6554 | 1103 A function handle is a pointer to another function and is defined with |
| 1104 the syntax | |
| 1105 | |
| 1106 @example | |
| 1107 @@@var{function-name} | |
| 1108 @end example | |
| 1109 | |
| 1110 @noindent | |
|
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|
1111 For example, |
| 6554 | 1112 |
| 1113 @example | |
| 6556 | 1114 f = @@sin; |
| 6554 | 1115 @end example |
| 1116 | |
| 1117 @noindent | |
|
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|
1118 creates a function handle called @code{f} that refers to the |
| 6554 | 1119 function @code{sin}. |
| 1120 | |
| 1121 Function handles are used to call other functions indirectly, or to pass | |
| 1122 a function as an argument to another function like @code{quad} or | |
|
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|
1123 @code{fsolve}. For example: |
| 6554 | 1124 |
| 1125 @example | |
|
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|
1126 @group |
| 6556 | 1127 f = @@sin; |
| 6554 | 1128 quad (f, 0, pi) |
| 6929 | 1129 @result{} 2 |
|
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|
1130 @end group |
| 6554 | 1131 @end example |
| 1132 | |
| 1133 You may use @code{feval} to call a function using function handle, or | |
| 6570 | 1134 simply write the name of the function handle followed by an argument |
| 6554 | 1135 list. If there are no arguments, you must use an empty argument list |
|
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|
1136 @samp{()}. For example: |
| 6554 | 1137 |
| 1138 @example | |
|
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|
1139 @group |
| 6556 | 1140 f = @@sin; |
| 6554 | 1141 feval (f, pi/4) |
| 6570 | 1142 @result{} 0.70711 |
| 6554 | 1143 f (pi/4) |
| 6570 | 1144 @result{} 0.70711 |
|
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|
1145 @end group |
| 6554 | 1146 @end example |
| 1147 | |
| 4933 | 1148 @DOCSTRING(functions) |
| 1149 | |
| 1150 @DOCSTRING(func2str) | |
| 1151 | |
| 1152 @DOCSTRING(str2func) | |
| 1153 | |
| 6570 | 1154 @node Anonymous Functions |
| 6554 | 1155 @subsection Anonymous Functions |
| 1156 | |
| 1157 Anonymous functions are defined using the syntax | |
| 1158 | |
| 1159 @example | |
| 1160 @@(@var{argument-list}) @var{expression} | |
| 1161 @end example | |
| 1162 | |
| 1163 @noindent | |
| 1164 Any variables that are not found in the argument list are inherited from | |
| 1165 the enclosing scope. Anonymous functions are useful for creating simple | |
| 1166 unnamed functions from expressions or for wrapping calls to other | |
| 1167 functions to adapt them for use by functions like @code{quad}. For | |
| 1168 example, | |
| 1169 | |
| 1170 @example | |
|
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|
1171 @group |
| 6554 | 1172 f = @@(x) x.^2; |
| 1173 quad (f, 0, 10) | |
| 6570 | 1174 @result{} 333.33 |
|
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|
1175 @end group |
| 6554 | 1176 @end example |
| 1177 | |
| 1178 @noindent | |
| 1179 creates a simple unnamed function from the expression @code{x.^2} and | |
| 1180 passes it to @code{quad}, | |
| 1181 | |
| 1182 @example | |
|
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|
1183 @group |
| 6554 | 1184 quad (@@(x) sin (x), 0, pi) |
| 6933 | 1185 @result{} 2 |
|
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|
1186 @end group |
| 6554 | 1187 @end example |
| 1188 | |
| 1189 @noindent | |
| 1190 wraps another function, and | |
| 1191 | |
| 1192 @example | |
|
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|
1193 @group |
| 6554 | 1194 a = 1; |
| 1195 b = 2; | |
| 1196 quad (@@(x) betainc (x, a, b), 0, 0.4) | |
| 6929 | 1197 @result{} 0.13867 |
|
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|
1198 @end group |
| 6554 | 1199 @end example |
| 1200 | |
| 1201 @noindent | |
| 1202 adapts a function with several parameters to the form required by | |
| 1203 @code{quad}. In this example, the values of @var{a} and @var{b} that | |
| 1204 are passed to @code{betainc} are inherited from the current | |
| 1205 environment. | |
| 1206 | |
| 4933 | 1207 @node Inline Functions |
| 1208 @subsection Inline Functions | |
| 1209 | |
| 6638 | 1210 An inline function is created from a string containing the function |
|
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|
1211 body using the @code{inline} function. The following code defines the |
| 6638 | 1212 function @math{f(x) = x^2 + 2}. |
| 1213 | |
| 1214 @example | |
| 1215 f = inline("x^2 + 2"); | |
| 1216 @end example | |
| 1217 | |
| 1218 @noindent | |
| 1219 After this it is possible to evaluate @math{f} at any @math{x} by | |
| 1220 writing @code{f(x)}. | |
| 1221 | |
| 4933 | 1222 @DOCSTRING(inline) |
| 1223 | |
| 1224 @DOCSTRING(argnames) | |
| 1225 | |
| 1226 @DOCSTRING(formula) | |
| 1227 | |
|
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1228 @DOCSTRING(symvar) |
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|
1229 |
| 6549 | 1230 @node Commands |
| 1231 @section Commands | |
| 1232 | |
| 6638 | 1233 Commands are a special class of functions that only accept string |
|
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|
1234 input arguments. A command can be called as an ordinary function, but |
|
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|
1235 it can also be called without the parentheses. For example, |
| 6638 | 1236 |
| 1237 @example | |
| 1238 my_command hello world | |
| 1239 @end example | |
| 1240 | |
| 1241 @noindent | |
|
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|
1242 is equivalent to |
| 6638 | 1243 |
| 1244 @example | |
| 1245 my_command("hello", "world") | |
| 1246 @end example | |
| 1247 | |
|
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|
1248 @noindent |
| 6638 | 1249 The general form of a command call is |
| 1250 | |
| 1251 @example | |
|
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|
1252 @var{cmdname} @var{arg1} @var{arg2} @dots{} |
| 6638 | 1253 @end example |
| 1254 | |
| 1255 @noindent | |
| 1256 which translates directly to | |
| 1257 | |
| 1258 @example | |
|
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|
1259 @var{cmdname} ("@var{arg1}", "@var{arg2}", @dots{}) |
| 6638 | 1260 @end example |
| 1261 | |
|
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|
1262 Any regular function can be used as a command if it accepts string input |
|
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1263 arguments. For example: |
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|
1264 |
| 6638 | 1265 @example |
|
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|
1266 @group |
|
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|
1267 toupper lower_case_arg |
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|
1268 @result{} ans = LOWER_CASE_ARG |
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|
1269 @end group |
| 6638 | 1270 @end example |
| 1271 | |
| 1272 One difficulty of commands occurs when one of the string input arguments | |
|
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1273 is stored in a variable. Because Octave can't tell the difference between |
|
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1274 a variable name and an ordinary string, it is not possible to pass a |
|
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|
1275 variable as input to a command. In such a situation a command must be |
|
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|
1276 called as a function. For example: |
| 6549 | 1277 |
|
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1278 @example |
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1279 @group |
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1280 strvar = "hello world"; |
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1281 toupper strvar |
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1282 @result{} ans = STRVAR |
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1283 toupper (strvar) |
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1284 @result{} ans = HELLO WORLD |
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1285 @end group |
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1286 @end example |
| 6549 | 1287 |
| 1288 | |
| 4167 | 1289 @node Organization of Functions |
| 3294 | 1290 @section Organization of Functions Distributed with Octave |
| 1291 | |
| 1292 Many of Octave's standard functions are distributed as function files. | |
| 1293 They are loosely organized by topic, in subdirectories of | |
| 1294 @file{@var{octave-home}/lib/octave/@var{version}/m}, to make it easier | |
| 1295 to find them. | |
| 1296 | |
| 1297 The following is a list of all the function file subdirectories, and the | |
| 1298 types of functions you will find there. | |
| 1299 | |
| 1300 @table @file | |
| 1301 @item audio | |
| 1302 Functions for playing and recording sounds. | |
| 1303 | |
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1304 @item deprecated |
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1305 Out-of-date functions which will eventually be removed from Octave. |
| 3294 | 1306 |
| 1307 @item elfun | |
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1308 Elementary functions, principally trigonometric. |
| 3294 | 1309 |
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1310 @item @@ftp |
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1311 Class functions for the FTP object. |
| 6554 | 1312 |
| 3294 | 1313 @item general |
| 1314 Miscellaneous matrix manipulations, like @code{flipud}, @code{rot90}, | |
| 1315 and @code{triu}, as well as other basic functions, like | |
| 4029 | 1316 @code{ismatrix}, @code{nargchk}, etc. |
| 3294 | 1317 |
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1318 @item geometry |
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1319 Functions related to Delaunay triangulation. |
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1320 |
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1321 @item help |
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1322 Functions for Octave's built-in help system. |
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1323 |
| 3294 | 1324 @item image |
| 1325 Image processing tools. These functions require the X Window System. | |
| 1326 | |
| 1327 @item io | |
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1328 Input-output functions. |
| 3294 | 1329 |
| 1330 @item linear-algebra | |
| 1331 Functions for linear algebra. | |
| 1332 | |
| 1333 @item miscellaneous | |
| 1334 Functions that don't really belong anywhere else. | |
| 1335 | |
| 6554 | 1336 @item optimization |
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1337 Functions related to minimization, optimization, and root finding. |
| 6554 | 1338 |
| 1339 @item path | |
| 1340 Functions to manage the directory path Octave uses to find functions. | |
| 1341 | |
| 1342 @item pkg | |
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1343 Package manager for installing external packages of functions in Octave. |
| 6554 | 1344 |
| 3294 | 1345 @item plot |
| 6556 | 1346 Functions for displaying and printing two- and three-dimensional graphs. |
| 3294 | 1347 |
| 1348 @item polynomial | |
| 1349 Functions for manipulating polynomials. | |
| 1350 | |
| 1351 @item set | |
| 1352 Functions for creating and manipulating sets of unique values. | |
| 1353 | |
| 1354 @item signal | |
| 1355 Functions for signal processing applications. | |
| 1356 | |
| 6554 | 1357 @item sparse |
| 1358 Functions for handling sparse matrices. | |
| 1359 | |
| 3294 | 1360 @item specfun |
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1361 Special functions such as @code{bessel} or @code{factor}. |
| 3294 | 1362 |
| 1363 @item special-matrix | |
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1364 Functions that create special matrix forms such as Hilbert or Vandermonde |
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1365 matrices. |
| 3294 | 1366 |
| 1367 @item startup | |
| 1368 Octave's system-wide startup file. | |
| 1369 | |
| 1370 @item statistics | |
| 1371 Statistical functions. | |
| 1372 | |
| 1373 @item strings | |
| 1374 Miscellaneous string-handling functions. | |
| 1375 | |
| 6554 | 1376 @item testfun |
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1377 Functions for performing unit tests on other functions. |
| 6554 | 1378 |
| 3294 | 1379 @item time |
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1380 Functions related to time and date processing. |
| 3294 | 1381 @end table |