Mercurial > octave-nkf
comparison doc/interpreter/intro.txi @ 19627:446c46af4b42 stable
strip trailing whitespace from most source files
* Makefile.am, NEWS, build-aux/common.mk, configure.ac,
doc/Makefile.am, doc/doxyhtml/Makefile.am,
doc/interpreter/Makefile.am, doc/interpreter/arith.txi,
doc/interpreter/audio.txi, doc/interpreter/basics.txi,
doc/interpreter/bugs.txi, doc/interpreter/container.txi,
doc/interpreter/cp-idx.txi, doc/interpreter/data.txi,
doc/interpreter/debug.txi, doc/interpreter/diagperm.txi,
doc/interpreter/diffeq.txi, doc/interpreter/doccheck/README,
doc/interpreter/doccheck/spellcheck, doc/interpreter/emacs.txi,
doc/interpreter/errors.txi, doc/interpreter/eval.txi,
doc/interpreter/expr.txi, doc/interpreter/external.txi,
doc/interpreter/fn-idx.txi, doc/interpreter/func.txi,
doc/interpreter/geometry.txi, doc/interpreter/geometryimages.m,
doc/interpreter/gpl.txi, doc/interpreter/grammar.txi,
doc/interpreter/gui.txi, doc/interpreter/image.txi,
doc/interpreter/install.txi, doc/interpreter/interp.txi,
doc/interpreter/interpimages.m, doc/interpreter/intro.txi,
doc/interpreter/io.txi, doc/interpreter/java.txi,
doc/interpreter/linalg.txi, doc/interpreter/macros.texi,
doc/interpreter/matrix.txi, doc/interpreter/munge-texi.pl,
doc/interpreter/nonlin.txi, doc/interpreter/numbers.txi,
doc/interpreter/obsolete.txi, doc/interpreter/octave-config.1,
doc/interpreter/octave.texi, doc/interpreter/oop.txi,
doc/interpreter/op-idx.txi, doc/interpreter/optim.txi,
doc/interpreter/package.txi, doc/interpreter/plot.txi,
doc/interpreter/poly.txi, doc/interpreter/preface.txi,
doc/interpreter/quad.txi, doc/interpreter/set.txi,
doc/interpreter/signal.txi, doc/interpreter/sparse.txi,
doc/interpreter/sparseimages.m, doc/interpreter/splineimages.m,
doc/interpreter/stats.txi, doc/interpreter/stmt.txi,
doc/interpreter/strings.txi, doc/interpreter/system.txi,
doc/interpreter/testfun.txi, doc/interpreter/tips.txi,
doc/interpreter/var.txi, doc/interpreter/vectorize.txi,
doc/liboctave/Makefile.am, doc/liboctave/array.texi,
doc/liboctave/bugs.texi, doc/liboctave/cp-idx.texi,
doc/liboctave/dae.texi, doc/liboctave/diffeq.texi,
doc/liboctave/error.texi, doc/liboctave/factor.texi,
doc/liboctave/fn-idx.texi, doc/liboctave/gpl.texi,
doc/liboctave/install.texi, doc/liboctave/intro.texi,
doc/liboctave/liboctave.texi, doc/liboctave/matvec.texi,
doc/liboctave/nleqn.texi, doc/liboctave/nlfunc.texi,
doc/liboctave/ode.texi, doc/liboctave/optim.texi,
doc/liboctave/preface.texi, doc/liboctave/quad.texi,
doc/liboctave/range.texi, doc/refcard/Makefile.am,
doc/refcard/refcard.tex, etc/HACKING, etc/NEWS.1, etc/NEWS.2,
etc/NEWS.3, etc/OLD-ChangeLogs/ChangeLog,
etc/OLD-ChangeLogs/doc-ChangeLog,
etc/OLD-ChangeLogs/scripts-ChangeLog,
etc/OLD-ChangeLogs/src-ChangeLog, etc/OLD-ChangeLogs/test-ChangeLog,
etc/PROJECTS, etc/README.Cygwin, etc/README.MacOS, etc/README.MinGW,
etc/README.gnuplot, etc/gdbinit, etc/icons/Makefile.am,
examples/@polynomial/end.m, examples/@polynomial/subsasgn.m,
examples/Makefile.am, examples/standalonebuiltin.cc,
libgui/Makefile.am, libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/README,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/BlockArray.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/BlockArray.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/Character.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/CharacterColor.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/Emulation.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/Emulation.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/Filter.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/Filter.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/History.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/History.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/KeyboardTranslator.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/KeyboardTranslator.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/LineFont.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/QUnixTerminalImpl.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/QUnixTerminalImpl.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/Screen.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/Screen.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/ScreenWindow.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/ScreenWindow.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/TerminalCharacterDecoder.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/TerminalCharacterDecoder.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/unix/Vt102Emulation.h,
libgui/qterminal/libqterminal/win32/QWinTerminalImpl.cpp,
libgui/qterminal/qterminal/main.cpp,
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libinterp/corefcn/gl2ps-renderer.cc, libinterp/corefcn/graphics.cc,
libinterp/corefcn/graphics.in.h, libinterp/corefcn/ls-mat5.cc,
libinterp/corefcn/lu.cc, libinterp/corefcn/oct-tex-parser.yy,
libinterp/corefcn/oct-tex-symbols.in, libinterp/corefcn/quadcc.cc,
libinterp/corefcn/zfstream.cc, libinterp/dldfcn/__eigs__.cc,
libinterp/dldfcn/__voronoi__.cc, libinterp/gendoc.pl,
libinterp/genprops.awk, libinterp/mk-errno-list, libinterp/mk-pkg-add,
libinterp/mkbuiltins, libinterp/mkdefs, libinterp/mkdocs,
libinterp/mkops, libinterp/octave-value/ov-java.cc,
libinterp/parse-tree/lex.ll, libinterp/parse-tree/oct-parse.in.yy,
libinterp/parse-tree/octave.gperf, liboctave/Makefile.am,
liboctave/array/Array.cc, liboctave/array/module.mk,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/datv.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dcnst0.f,
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liboctave/cruft/daspk/ddaspk.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/ddstp.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/ddwnrm.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dfnrmd.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dfnrmk.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dhels.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dheqr.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dinvwt.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dlinsd.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dlinsk.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dmatd.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dnedd.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dnedk.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dnsd.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dnsid.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dnsik.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dnsk.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dorth.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dslvd.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dslvk.f,
liboctave/cruft/daspk/dspigm.f, liboctave/cruft/daspk/dyypnw.f,
liboctave/cruft/dasrt/ddasrt.f, liboctave/cruft/dasrt/drchek.f,
liboctave/cruft/dassl/ddaslv.f, liboctave/cruft/dassl/ddassl.f,
liboctave/cruft/misc/blaswrap.c, liboctave/cruft/misc/module.mk,
liboctave/cruft/odepack/cfode.f, liboctave/cruft/odepack/dlsode.f,
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liboctave/cruft/odepack/slsode.f, liboctave/cruft/odepack/solsy.f,
liboctave/cruft/odepack/ssolsy.f, liboctave/cruft/odepack/stode.f,
liboctave/cruft/odepack/vnorm.f, liboctave/cruft/ranlib/Basegen.doc,
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liboctave/cruft/ranlib/genexp.f, liboctave/cruft/ranlib/gennch.f,
liboctave/cruft/ranlib/gennf.f, liboctave/cruft/ranlib/gennor.f,
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liboctave/cruft/slatec-fn/datanh.f,
liboctave/cruft/slatec-fn/xgmainc.f,
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liboctave/operators/sparse-mk-ops.awk,
liboctave/operators/sparse-mx-ops, liboctave/operators/vx-ops,
liboctave/util/module.mk, run-octave.in, scripts/@ftp/ftp.m,
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scripts/geometry/voronoi.m, scripts/geometry/voronoin.m,
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scripts/gui/listdlg.m, scripts/gui/msgbox.m, scripts/gui/questdlg.m,
scripts/gui/uigetfile.m, scripts/gui/waitbar.m, scripts/gui/warndlg.m,
scripts/help/doc.m, scripts/help/help.m, scripts/help/type.m,
scripts/image/bone.m, scripts/image/cmpermute.m,
scripts/image/cmunique.m, scripts/image/colorcube.m,
scripts/image/colormap.m, scripts/image/contrast.m,
scripts/image/gray2ind.m, scripts/image/image.m,
scripts/image/imshow.m, scripts/image/ind2gray.m, scripts/image/jet.m,
scripts/image/rgb2ntsc.m, scripts/image/spinmap.m,
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scripts/java/javaclasspath.m, scripts/java/javamem.m,
scripts/linear-algebra/linsolve.m, scripts/linear-algebra/qzhess.m,
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scripts/miscellaneous/edit.m, scripts/miscellaneous/fact.m,
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scripts/miscellaneous/license.m, scripts/miscellaneous/ls_command.m,
scripts/miscellaneous/run.m, scripts/miscellaneous/setfield.m,
scripts/miscellaneous/unix.m, scripts/miscellaneous/ver.m,
scripts/mk-pkg-add, scripts/mkdoc.pl,
scripts/optimization/fminsearch.m, scripts/optimization/optimset.m,
scripts/optimization/sqp.m, scripts/pkg/pkg.m,
scripts/pkg/private/create_pkgadddel.m,
scripts/pkg/private/fix_depends.m, scripts/pkg/private/install.m,
scripts/plot/appearance/axis.m, scripts/plot/appearance/box.m,
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scripts/plot/appearance/title.m, scripts/plot/appearance/xlabel.m,
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scripts/plot/draw/barh.m, scripts/plot/draw/colorbar.m,
scripts/plot/draw/contour.m, scripts/plot/draw/contour3.m,
scripts/plot/draw/contourf.m, scripts/plot/draw/ellipsoid.m,
scripts/plot/draw/errorbar.m, scripts/plot/draw/ezcontour.m,
scripts/plot/draw/ezcontourf.m, scripts/plot/draw/ezmesh.m,
scripts/plot/draw/ezpolar.m, scripts/plot/draw/fill.m,
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scripts/plot/draw/meshc.m, scripts/plot/draw/meshz.m,
scripts/plot/draw/pareto.m, scripts/plot/draw/patch.m,
scripts/plot/draw/peaks.m, scripts/plot/draw/pie.m,
scripts/plot/draw/pie3.m, scripts/plot/draw/plot.m,
scripts/plot/draw/plotyy.m, scripts/plot/draw/private/__bar__.m,
scripts/plot/draw/private/__contour__.m,
scripts/plot/draw/private/__errplot__.m,
scripts/plot/draw/private/__ezplot__.m,
scripts/plot/draw/private/__patch__.m,
scripts/plot/draw/private/__stem__.m, scripts/plot/draw/rectangle.m,
scripts/plot/draw/ribbon.m, scripts/plot/draw/rose.m,
scripts/plot/draw/scatter.m, scripts/plot/draw/scatter3.m,
scripts/plot/draw/semilogx.m, scripts/plot/draw/shrinkfaces.m,
scripts/plot/draw/sombrero.m, scripts/plot/draw/sphere.m,
scripts/plot/draw/stairs.m, scripts/plot/draw/stem.m,
scripts/plot/draw/stemleaf.m, scripts/plot/draw/surf.m,
scripts/plot/draw/surface.m, scripts/plot/draw/surfc.m,
scripts/plot/draw/surfl.m, scripts/plot/draw/surfnorm.m,
scripts/plot/draw/tetramesh.m, scripts/plot/draw/trimesh.m,
scripts/plot/draw/triplot.m, scripts/plot/draw/trisurf.m,
scripts/plot/util/__gnuplot_drawnow__.m,
scripts/plot/util/__plt_get_axis_arg__.m, scripts/plot/util/axes.m,
scripts/plot/util/clf.m, scripts/plot/util/copyobj.m,
scripts/plot/util/figure.m, scripts/plot/util/gcbo.m,
scripts/plot/util/graphics_toolkit.m, scripts/plot/util/hggroup.m,
scripts/plot/util/meshgrid.m, scripts/plot/util/newplot.m,
scripts/plot/util/print.m,
scripts/plot/util/private/__add_default_menu__.m,
scripts/plot/util/private/__fltk_print__.m,
scripts/plot/util/private/__gnuplot_print__.m,
scripts/plot/util/private/__print_parse_opts__.m,
scripts/plot/util/refreshdata.m, scripts/plot/util/subplot.m,
scripts/polynomial/conv.m, scripts/polynomial/poly.m,
scripts/polynomial/polyeig.m, scripts/polynomial/polyfit.m,
scripts/polynomial/polyval.m,
scripts/polynomial/private/__splinefit__.m,
scripts/polynomial/spline.m, scripts/prefs/prefdir.m,
scripts/prefs/preferences.m, scripts/prefs/private/prefsfile.m,
scripts/prefs/rmpref.m, scripts/signal/freqz.m,
scripts/signal/module.mk, scripts/sparse/eigs.m, scripts/sparse/pcg.m,
scripts/sparse/private/__sprand_impl__.m, scripts/sparse/sprand.m,
scripts/sparse/sprandn.m, scripts/sparse/spy.m, scripts/sparse/svds.m,
scripts/specfun/expint.m, scripts/specfun/factor.m,
scripts/special-matrix/gallery.m, scripts/special-matrix/hankel.m,
scripts/special-matrix/toeplitz.m, scripts/startup/inputrc,
scripts/statistics/base/kurtosis.m, scripts/statistics/base/moment.m,
scripts/statistics/base/qqplot.m, scripts/statistics/base/var.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/betarnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/binoinv.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/binopdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/binornd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/cauchy_rnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/chi2rnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/discrete_pdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/discrete_rnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/empirical_rnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/exprnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/frnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/gamrnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/geornd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/hygernd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/kolmogorov_smirnov_cdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/laplace_cdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/laplace_pdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/logistic_cdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/logistic_pdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/lognrnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/nbincdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/nbininv.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/nbinpdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/nbinrnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/normrnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/poissinv.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/poissrnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/tinv.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/trnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/unidcdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/unidpdf.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/unidrnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/unifrnd.m,
scripts/statistics/distributions/wblrnd.m,
scripts/statistics/models/module.mk,
scripts/statistics/tests/kruskal_wallis_test.m,
scripts/strings/base2dec.m, scripts/strings/deblank.m,
scripts/strings/dec2base.m, scripts/strings/dec2bin.m,
scripts/strings/dec2hex.m, scripts/strings/mat2str.m,
scripts/strings/ostrsplit.m, scripts/strings/regexptranslate.m,
scripts/strings/str2num.m, scripts/strings/strcat.m,
scripts/strings/strjoin.m, scripts/strings/strsplit.m,
scripts/strings/strtok.m, scripts/strings/strtrim.m,
scripts/strings/strtrunc.m, scripts/strings/substr.m,
scripts/testfun/__run_test_suite__.m, scripts/testfun/speed.m,
scripts/testfun/test.m, scripts/time/asctime.m,
scripts/time/datenum.m, scripts/time/datevec.m,
scripts/time/weekday.m, src/Makefile.am, test/Makefile.am,
test/build-bc-overload-tests.sh, test/build-sparse-tests.sh,
test/jit.tst, test/line-continue.tst: Strip trailing whitespace.
author | John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org> |
---|---|
date | Tue, 20 Jan 2015 08:26:57 -0500 |
parents | e5566719e0a1 |
children | 0e1f5a750d00 |
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19488:8dbd55742112 | 19627:446c46af4b42 |
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4 @c | 4 @c |
5 @c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | 5 @c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it |
6 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the | 6 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the |
7 @c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at | 7 @c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at |
8 @c your option) any later version. | 8 @c your option) any later version. |
9 @c | 9 @c |
10 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT | 10 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT |
11 @c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or | 11 @c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or |
12 @c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License | 12 @c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License |
13 @c for more details. | 13 @c for more details. |
14 @c | 14 @c |
15 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | 15 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
16 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see | 16 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see |
17 @c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | 17 @c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
18 | 18 |
19 @node Introduction | 19 @node Introduction |
20 @chapter A Brief Introduction to Octave | 20 @chapter A Brief Introduction to Octave |
21 @cindex introduction | 21 @cindex introduction |
22 | 22 |
23 GNU Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical | 23 GNU Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical |
24 computations. It is typically used for such problems as solving | 24 computations. It is typically used for such problems as solving |
25 linear and nonlinear equations, numerical linear algebra, statistical | 25 linear and nonlinear equations, numerical linear algebra, statistical |
26 analysis, and for performing other numerical experiments. It may also | 26 analysis, and for performing other numerical experiments. It may also |
27 be used as a batch-oriented language for automated data processing. | 27 be used as a batch-oriented language for automated data processing. |
28 | 28 |
29 Until recently GNU Octave provided a command-line interface with | 29 Until recently GNU Octave provided a command-line interface with |
30 graphical results displayed in separate windows. The current version | 30 graphical results displayed in separate windows. The current version |
31 (version 3.8, released in late 2013) also provides, by default, a | 31 (version 3.8, released in late 2013) also provides, by default, a |
32 graphical user interface. | 32 graphical user interface. |
33 | 33 |
34 GNU Octave is freely redistributable software. You may redistribute | 34 GNU Octave is freely redistributable software. You may redistribute |
35 it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | 35 it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License |
36 as published by the Free Software Foundation. The GPL is included in | 36 as published by the Free Software Foundation. The GPL is included in |
37 this manual, @pxref{Copying}. | 37 this manual, @pxref{Copying}. |
38 | 38 |
39 This manual provides comprehensive documentation on how to install, | 39 This manual provides comprehensive documentation on how to install, |
40 run, use, and extend GNU Octave. Additional chapters describe how | 40 run, use, and extend GNU Octave. Additional chapters describe how |
41 to report bugs and help contribute code. | 41 to report bugs and help contribute code. |
42 | 42 |
43 This document corresponds to Octave version @value{VERSION}. | 43 This document corresponds to Octave version @value{VERSION}. |
44 | 44 |
45 @menu | 45 @menu |
55 This, by default, starts the graphical user interface (GUI). The central | 55 This, by default, starts the graphical user interface (GUI). The central |
56 window in the GUI is the Octave command-line interface. Octave displays | 56 window in the GUI is the Octave command-line interface. Octave displays |
57 an initial message and then a prompt indicating it is ready to accept | 57 an initial message and then a prompt indicating it is ready to accept |
58 input. If you have chosen the traditional command-line interface only | 58 input. If you have chosen the traditional command-line interface only |
59 the command prompt appears. In any case, you can immediately begin | 59 the command prompt appears. In any case, you can immediately begin |
60 typing Octave commands. | 60 typing Octave commands. |
61 | 61 |
62 If you get into trouble, you can usually interrupt Octave by typing | 62 If you get into trouble, you can usually interrupt Octave by typing |
63 @kbd{Control-C} (written @kbd{C-c} for short). @kbd{C-c} gets | 63 @kbd{Control-C} (written @kbd{C-c} for short). @kbd{C-c} gets |
64 its name from the fact that you type it by holding down @key{CTRL} and | 64 its name from the fact that you type it by holding down @key{CTRL} and |
65 then pressing @key{c}. Doing this will normally return you to Octave's | 65 then pressing @key{c}. Doing this will normally return you to Octave's |
84 are lines you type, ending each with a carriage return. Octave will | 84 are lines you type, ending each with a carriage return. Octave will |
85 respond with an answer, or by displaying a graph. | 85 respond with an answer, or by displaying a graph. |
86 | 86 |
87 @subsection Elementary Calculations | 87 @subsection Elementary Calculations |
88 | 88 |
89 Octave can easily be used for basic numerical calculations. Octave | 89 Octave can easily be used for basic numerical calculations. Octave |
90 knows about arithmetic operations (+,-,*,/), exponentiation (^), | 90 knows about arithmetic operations (+,-,*,/), exponentiation (^), |
91 natural logarithms/exponents (log, exp), and the trigonometric | 91 natural logarithms/exponents (log, exp), and the trigonometric |
92 functions (sin, cos, @dots{}). Moreover, Octave calculations work | 92 functions (sin, cos, @dots{}). Moreover, Octave calculations work |
93 on real or imaginary numbers (i,j). In addition, some mathematical | 93 on real or imaginary numbers (i,j). In addition, some mathematical |
94 constants such as the base of the natural logarithm (e) and the ratio | 94 constants such as the base of the natural logarithm (e) and the ratio |
95 of a circle's circumference to its diameter (pi) are pre-defined. | 95 of a circle's circumference to its diameter (pi) are pre-defined. |
96 | 96 |
97 @noindent | 97 @noindent |
98 For example, to verify Euler's Identity, | 98 For example, to verify Euler's Identity, |
99 @tex | 99 @tex |
107 @end display | 107 @end display |
108 @end ifnottex | 108 @end ifnottex |
109 | 109 |
110 @noindent | 110 @noindent |
111 type the following which will evaluate to @code{-1} within the | 111 type the following which will evaluate to @code{-1} within the |
112 tolerance of the calculation. | 112 tolerance of the calculation. |
113 | 113 |
114 @example | 114 @example |
115 octave:1> exp (i*pi) | 115 octave:1> exp (i*pi) |
116 @end example | 116 @end example |
117 | 117 |
118 @subsection Creating a Matrix | 118 @subsection Creating a Matrix |
119 | 119 |
120 Vectors and matrices are the basic building blocks for numerical analysis. | 120 Vectors and matrices are the basic building blocks for numerical analysis. |
121 To create a new matrix and store it in a variable so that you can | 121 To create a new matrix and store it in a variable so that you can |
122 refer to it later, type the command | 122 refer to it later, type the command |
123 | 123 |
124 @example | 124 @example |
125 octave:1> A = [ 1, 1, 2; 3, 5, 8; 13, 21, 34 ] | 125 octave:1> A = [ 1, 1, 2; 3, 5, 8; 13, 21, 34 ] |
126 @end example | 126 @end example |
127 | 127 |
128 @noindent | 128 @noindent |
129 Octave will respond by printing the matrix in neatly aligned columns. | 129 Octave will respond by printing the matrix in neatly aligned columns. |
130 Octave uses a comma or space to separate entries in a row, and a | 130 Octave uses a comma or space to separate entries in a row, and a |
131 semicolon or carriage return to separate one row from the next. | 131 semicolon or carriage return to separate one row from the next. |
132 Ending a command with a semicolon tells Octave not to print the result | 132 Ending a command with a semicolon tells Octave not to print the result |
133 of the command. For example, | 133 of the command. For example, |
134 | 134 |
135 @example | 135 @example |
136 octave:2> B = rand (3, 2); | 136 octave:2> B = rand (3, 2); |
139 @noindent | 139 @noindent |
140 will create a 3 row, 2 column matrix with each element set to a random | 140 will create a 3 row, 2 column matrix with each element set to a random |
141 value between zero and one. | 141 value between zero and one. |
142 | 142 |
143 To display the value of a variable, simply type the name of the | 143 To display the value of a variable, simply type the name of the |
144 variable at the prompt. For example, to display the value stored in the | 144 variable at the prompt. For example, to display the value stored in the |
145 matrix @code{B}, type the command | 145 matrix @code{B}, type the command |
146 | 146 |
147 @example | 147 @example |
148 octave:3> B | 148 octave:3> B |
149 @end example | 149 @end example |
200 but avoids computing the inverse of a matrix directly. | 200 but avoids computing the inverse of a matrix directly. |
201 | 201 |
202 If the coefficient matrix is singular, Octave will print a warning | 202 If the coefficient matrix is singular, Octave will print a warning |
203 message and compute a minimum norm solution. | 203 message and compute a minimum norm solution. |
204 | 204 |
205 A simple example comes from chemistry and the need to obtain balanced | 205 A simple example comes from chemistry and the need to obtain balanced |
206 chemical equations. Consider the burning of hydrogen and oxygen to | 206 chemical equations. Consider the burning of hydrogen and oxygen to |
207 produce water. | 207 produce water. |
208 @tex | 208 @tex |
209 $$ {\rm H_{2}} + {\rm O_{2}} \rightarrow {\rm H_{2}O} $$ | 209 $$ {\rm H_{2}} + {\rm O_{2}} \rightarrow {\rm H_{2}O} $$ |
210 @end tex | 210 @end tex |
211 @ifnottex | 211 @ifnottex |
214 H2 + O2 --> H2O | 214 H2 + O2 --> H2O |
215 @end example | 215 @end example |
216 | 216 |
217 @end ifnottex | 217 @end ifnottex |
218 @noindent | 218 @noindent |
219 The equation above is not accurate. The Law of Conservation of Mass requires | 219 The equation above is not accurate. The Law of Conservation of Mass requires |
220 that the number of molecules of each type balance on the left- and right-hand | 220 that the number of molecules of each type balance on the left- and right-hand |
221 sides of the equation. Writing the variable overall reaction with | 221 sides of the equation. Writing the variable overall reaction with |
222 individual equations for hydrogen and oxygen one finds: | 222 individual equations for hydrogen and oxygen one finds: |
223 @tex | 223 @tex |
224 \vbox{ | 224 \vbox{ |
225 $$ x_{1}{\rm H_{2}} + x_{2}{\rm O_{2}} \rightarrow {\rm H_{2}O} $$ | 225 $$ x_{1}{\rm H_{2}} + x_{2}{\rm O_{2}} \rightarrow {\rm H_{2}O} $$ |
226 $$ {\rm H:}\quad 2x_{1} + 0x_{2} \rightarrow 2 $$ | 226 $$ {\rm H:}\quad 2x_{1} + 0x_{2} \rightarrow 2 $$ |
292 function, Octave responds with a different prompt, to indicate that it | 292 function, Octave responds with a different prompt, to indicate that it |
293 is waiting for you to complete your input. | 293 is waiting for you to complete your input. |
294 | 294 |
295 @example | 295 @example |
296 @group | 296 @group |
297 octave:1> function xdot = f (x, t) | 297 octave:1> function xdot = f (x, t) |
298 > | 298 > |
299 > r = 0.25; | 299 > r = 0.25; |
300 > k = 1.4; | 300 > k = 1.4; |
301 > a = 1.5; | 301 > a = 1.5; |
302 > b = 0.16; | 302 > b = 0.16; |
439 @cindex documentation fonts | 439 @cindex documentation fonts |
440 | 440 |
441 Examples of Octave code appear in this font or form: @code{svd (a)}. | 441 Examples of Octave code appear in this font or form: @code{svd (a)}. |
442 Names that represent variables or function arguments appear | 442 Names that represent variables or function arguments appear |
443 in this font or form: @var{first-number}. Commands that you type at the | 443 in this font or form: @var{first-number}. Commands that you type at the |
444 shell prompt appear in this font or form: @samp{octave --no-init-file}. | 444 shell prompt appear in this font or form: @samp{octave --no-init-file}. |
445 Commands that you type at the Octave prompt sometimes appear in this font | 445 Commands that you type at the Octave prompt sometimes appear in this font |
446 or form: @kbd{foo --bar --baz}. Specific keys on your keyboard appear | 446 or form: @kbd{foo --bar --baz}. Specific keys on your keyboard appear |
447 in this font or form: @key{ANY}. | 447 in this font or form: @key{ANY}. |
448 | 448 |
449 @node Evaluation Notation | 449 @node Evaluation Notation |
450 @subsection Evaluation Notation | 450 @subsection Evaluation Notation |
451 @cindex evaluation notation | 451 @cindex evaluation notation |
506 @node Printing Notation | 506 @node Printing Notation |
507 @subsection Printing Notation | 507 @subsection Printing Notation |
508 @cindex printing notation | 508 @cindex printing notation |
509 | 509 |
510 Many of the examples in this manual print text when they are | 510 Many of the examples in this manual print text when they are |
511 evaluated. In this manual the printed text resulting from an example | 511 evaluated. In this manual the printed text resulting from an example |
512 is indicated by @samp{@print{}}. The value that is returned by | 512 is indicated by @samp{@print{}}. The value that is returned by |
513 evaluating the expression is displayed with @samp{@result{}} | 513 evaluating the expression is displayed with @samp{@result{}} |
514 (@code{1} in the next example) and follows on a separate line. | 514 (@code{1} in the next example) and follows on a separate line. |
515 | 515 |
516 @example | 516 @example |
517 @group | 517 @group |
518 printf ("foo %s\n", "bar") | 518 printf ("foo %s\n", "bar") |
538 | 538 |
539 @node Format of Descriptions | 539 @node Format of Descriptions |
540 @subsection Format of Descriptions | 540 @subsection Format of Descriptions |
541 @cindex description format | 541 @cindex description format |
542 | 542 |
543 Functions and commands are described in this manual in a | 543 Functions and commands are described in this manual in a |
544 uniform format. The first line of a description contains the name of | 544 uniform format. The first line of a description contains the name of |
545 the item followed by its arguments, if any. | 545 the item followed by its arguments, if any. |
546 @ifnottex | 546 @ifnottex |
547 The category---function, command, or whatever---appears at the | 547 The category---function, command, or whatever---appears at the |
548 beginning of the line. | 548 beginning of the line. |