Mercurial > octave
annotate doc/interpreter/system.txi @ 33658:b1d6e40ac737 stable tip
NEWS.9.md: Fix typo and minor formatting changes.
* etc/NEWS.9.md: Fix typo. Adjust whitespace. Use markdown syntax for code
snippets.
author | Markus Mützel <markus.muetzel@gmx.de> |
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date | Wed, 05 Jun 2024 11:27:35 +0200 |
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1 @c Copyright (C) 1996-2024 The Octave Project Developers |
7018 | 2 @c |
3 @c This file is part of Octave. | |
4 @c | |
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5 @c Octave is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it |
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6 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by |
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7 @c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or |
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8 @c (at your option) any later version. |
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9 @c |
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10 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but |
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11 @c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
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12 @c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the |
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13 @c GNU General Public License for more details. |
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14 @c |
7018 | 15 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
16 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see | |
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17 @c <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
3294 | 18 |
4167 | 19 @node System Utilities |
3294 | 20 @chapter System Utilities |
21 | |
22 This chapter describes the functions that are available to allow you to | |
23 get information about what is happening outside of Octave, while it is | |
24 still running, and use this information in your program. For example, | |
25 you can get information about environment variables, the current time, | |
26 and even start other programs from the Octave prompt. | |
27 | |
28 @menu | |
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29 * Timing Utilities:: |
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30 * Filesystem Utilities:: |
6549 | 31 * File Archiving Utilities:: |
32 * Networking Utilities:: | |
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33 * Controlling Subprocesses:: |
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34 * Process ID Information:: |
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35 * Environment Variables:: |
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36 * Current Working Directory:: |
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37 * Password Database Functions:: |
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38 * Group Database Functions:: |
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39 * System Information:: |
6702 | 40 * Hashing Functions:: |
3294 | 41 @end menu |
42 | |
4167 | 43 @node Timing Utilities |
3294 | 44 @section Timing Utilities |
45 | |
46 Octave's core set of functions for manipulating time values are | |
47 patterned after the corresponding functions from the standard C library. | |
48 Several of these functions use a data structure for time that includes | |
49 the following elements: | |
50 | |
51 @table @code | |
52 @item usec | |
53 Microseconds after the second (0-999999). | |
54 | |
55 @item sec | |
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56 Seconds after the minute (0-60). This number can be 60 to account |
3294 | 57 for leap seconds. |
58 | |
59 @item min | |
60 Minutes after the hour (0-59). | |
61 | |
62 @item hour | |
63 Hours since midnight (0-23). | |
64 | |
65 @item mday | |
66 Day of the month (1-31). | |
67 | |
68 @item mon | |
69 Months since January (0-11). | |
70 | |
71 @item year | |
72 Years since 1900. | |
73 | |
74 @item wday | |
75 Days since Sunday (0-6). | |
76 | |
77 @item yday | |
78 Days since January 1 (0-365). | |
79 | |
80 @item isdst | |
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81 Daylight saving time flag. |
3294 | 82 |
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83 @item gmtoff |
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84 Seconds offset from UTC. |
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85 |
3294 | 86 @item zone |
87 Time zone. | |
88 @end table | |
89 | |
90 @noindent | |
91 In the descriptions of the following functions, this structure is | |
92 referred to as a @var{tm_struct}. | |
93 | |
3301 | 94 @DOCSTRING(time) |
3294 | 95 |
6502 | 96 @DOCSTRING(now) |
97 | |
3294 | 98 @DOCSTRING(ctime) |
99 | |
3301 | 100 @DOCSTRING(gmtime) |
3294 | 101 |
3301 | 102 @DOCSTRING(localtime) |
3294 | 103 |
3301 | 104 @DOCSTRING(mktime) |
3294 | 105 |
3301 | 106 @DOCSTRING(asctime) |
3294 | 107 |
108 @DOCSTRING(strftime) | |
109 | |
4169 | 110 @DOCSTRING(strptime) |
111 | |
3294 | 112 Most of the remaining functions described in this section are not |
113 patterned after the standard C library. Some are available for | |
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114 compatibility with @sc{matlab} and others are provided because they are |
3294 | 115 useful. |
116 | |
3301 | 117 @DOCSTRING(clock) |
3294 | 118 |
3301 | 119 @DOCSTRING(date) |
3294 | 120 |
3301 | 121 @DOCSTRING(etime) |
3294 | 122 |
3301 | 123 @DOCSTRING(cputime) |
3294 | 124 |
3301 | 125 @DOCSTRING(is_leap_year) |
3294 | 126 |
3301 | 127 @DOCSTRING(tic) |
3294 | 128 |
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129 @DOCSTRING(toc) |
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130 |
3301 | 131 @DOCSTRING(pause) |
3294 | 132 |
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133 @DOCSTRING(datenum) |
6502 | 134 |
135 @DOCSTRING(datestr) | |
136 | |
137 @DOCSTRING(datevec) | |
138 | |
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139 @DOCSTRING(addtodate) |
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140 |
6502 | 141 @DOCSTRING(calendar) |
142 | |
143 @DOCSTRING(weekday) | |
144 | |
145 @DOCSTRING(eomday) | |
146 | |
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147 @DOCSTRING(datetick) |
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148 |
4167 | 149 @node Filesystem Utilities |
3294 | 150 @section Filesystem Utilities |
151 | |
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152 Octave includes many utility functions for copying, moving, renaming, and |
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153 deleting files; for creating, reading, and deleting directories; for retrieving |
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154 status information on files; and for manipulating file and path names. |
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155 |
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156 @DOCSTRING(movefile) |
3294 | 157 |
3301 | 158 @DOCSTRING(rename) |
3294 | 159 |
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160 @DOCSTRING(copyfile) |
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161 |
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162 @DOCSTRING(unlink) |
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163 |
3710 | 164 @DOCSTRING(link) |
165 | |
166 @DOCSTRING(symlink) | |
167 | |
4169 | 168 @DOCSTRING(readlink) |
169 | |
3301 | 170 @DOCSTRING(mkdir) |
3294 | 171 |
3301 | 172 @DOCSTRING(rmdir) |
3294 | 173 |
6550 | 174 @DOCSTRING(confirm_recursive_rmdir) |
175 | |
3301 | 176 @DOCSTRING(mkfifo) |
3294 | 177 |
3301 | 178 @DOCSTRING(umask) |
3294 | 179 |
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180 @anchor{XREFlstat} |
3301 | 181 @DOCSTRING(stat) |
3294 | 182 |
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183 @DOCSTRING(S_ISBLK) |
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184 |
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185 @DOCSTRING(S_ISCHR) |
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186 |
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187 @DOCSTRING(S_ISDIR) |
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188 |
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189 @DOCSTRING(S_ISFIFO) |
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190 |
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191 @DOCSTRING(S_ISLNK) |
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192 |
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193 @DOCSTRING(S_ISREG) |
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194 |
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195 @DOCSTRING(S_ISSOCK) |
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196 |
6549 | 197 @DOCSTRING(fileattrib) |
198 | |
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199 @DOCSTRING(isfile) |
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200 |
6549 | 201 @DOCSTRING(isdir) |
202 | |
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203 @DOCSTRING(isfolder) |
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204 |
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205 @DOCSTRING(readdir) |
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206 |
3301 | 207 @DOCSTRING(glob) |
3294 | 208 |
3301 | 209 @DOCSTRING(file_in_path) |
3294 | 210 |
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211 @DOCSTRING(filesep) |
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212 |
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213 @DOCSTRING(fileparts) |
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214 |
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215 @DOCSTRING(fullfile) |
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216 |
3301 | 217 @DOCSTRING(tilde_expand) |
3294 | 218 |
6549 | 219 @DOCSTRING(canonicalize_file_name) |
220 | |
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221 @DOCSTRING(make_absolute_filename) |
6549 | 222 |
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223 @DOCSTRING(is_absolute_filename) |
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224 |
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225 @DOCSTRING(is_same_file) |
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226 |
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227 @DOCSTRING(is_rooted_relative_filename) |
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228 |
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229 @DOCSTRING(recycle) |
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230 |
6549 | 231 @node File Archiving Utilities |
232 @section File Archiving Utilities | |
233 | |
234 @DOCSTRING(bunzip2) | |
235 | |
6868 | 236 @DOCSTRING(gzip) |
237 | |
6549 | 238 @DOCSTRING(gunzip) |
239 | |
240 @DOCSTRING(tar) | |
241 | |
242 @DOCSTRING(untar) | |
243 | |
244 @DOCSTRING(zip) | |
245 | |
246 @DOCSTRING(unzip) | |
247 | |
248 @DOCSTRING(unpack) | |
249 | |
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250 @DOCSTRING(bzip2) |
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251 |
6549 | 252 @node Networking Utilities |
253 @section Networking Utilities | |
254 | |
9880 | 255 @menu |
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256 * FTP Objects:: |
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257 * WWW Access:: |
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258 * Base64 and Binary Data Transmission:: |
9880 | 259 @end menu |
260 | |
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261 @DOCSTRING(gethostname) |
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262 |
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263 @node FTP Objects |
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264 @subsection FTP Objects |
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266 Octave supports the FTP protocol through an object-oriented interface. |
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267 Use the function @code{ftp} to create an FTP object which represents the |
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268 connection. All FTP functions take an FTP object as the first argument. |
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269 |
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270 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/ftp) |
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272 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/close) |
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273 |
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274 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/mget) |
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276 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/mput) |
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278 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/cd) |
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279 |
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280 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/dir) |
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281 |
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282 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/ascii) |
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284 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/binary) |
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286 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/delete) |
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287 |
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288 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/rename) |
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289 |
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290 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/mkdir) |
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291 |
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292 @DOCSTRING(@ftp/rmdir) |
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293 |
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294 @node WWW Access |
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295 @subsection WWW Access |
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296 |
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297 Octave can communicate with websites across the Internet. The @code{web} |
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298 function will launch an external web browser to interactively view a site. The |
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299 remaining functions---@code{urlread}, @code{urlwrite}, @code{webread}, |
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300 @code{webwrite}---are internal Octave functions which can import or export |
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301 data to/from Octave and a website identified by a URL (Uniform Resource |
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302 Locator). |
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303 |
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304 @DOCSTRING(web) |
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6549 | 306 @DOCSTRING(urlread) |
307 | |
308 @DOCSTRING(urlwrite) | |
309 | |
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310 @DOCSTRING(webread) |
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311 |
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312 @DOCSTRING(webwrite) |
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313 |
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314 @DOCSTRING(weboptions) |
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315 |
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316 @node Base64 and Binary Data Transmission |
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317 @subsection Base64 and Binary Data Transmission |
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318 |
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319 Some transmission channels can not accept binary data. It is customary to |
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320 encode binary data in Base64 for transmission and to decode the data upon |
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321 reception. |
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322 |
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323 @DOCSTRING(base64_encode) |
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324 |
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325 @DOCSTRING(base64_decode) |
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326 |
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327 @DOCSTRING(matlab.net.base64encode) |
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328 |
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329 @DOCSTRING(matlab.net.base64decode) |
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330 |
4167 | 331 @node Controlling Subprocesses |
3294 | 332 @section Controlling Subprocesses |
333 | |
334 Octave includes some high-level commands like @code{system} and | |
335 @code{popen} for starting subprocesses. If you want to run another | |
336 program to perform some task and then look at its output, you will | |
337 probably want to use these functions. | |
338 | |
339 Octave also provides several very low-level Unix-like functions which | |
340 can also be used for starting subprocesses, but you should probably only | |
341 use them if you can't find any way to do what you need with the | |
342 higher-level functions. | |
343 | |
3301 | 344 @DOCSTRING(system) |
3294 | 345 |
6549 | 346 @DOCSTRING(unix) |
347 | |
348 @DOCSTRING(dos) | |
349 | |
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350 @DOCSTRING(open) |
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351 |
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352 @DOCSTRING(perl) |
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353 |
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354 @DOCSTRING(python) |
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355 |
3301 | 356 @DOCSTRING(popen) |
3294 | 357 |
3301 | 358 @DOCSTRING(pclose) |
3294 | 359 |
3301 | 360 @DOCSTRING(popen2) |
3294 | 361 |
3301 | 362 @DOCSTRING(EXEC_PATH) |
3294 | 363 |
364 In most cases, the following functions simply decode their arguments and | |
365 make the corresponding Unix system calls. For a complete example of how | |
366 they can be used, look at the definition of the function @code{popen2}. | |
367 | |
3301 | 368 @DOCSTRING(fork) |
3294 | 369 |
3301 | 370 @DOCSTRING(exec) |
3294 | 371 |
3301 | 372 @DOCSTRING(pipe) |
3294 | 373 |
3301 | 374 @DOCSTRING(dup2) |
3294 | 375 |
3301 | 376 @DOCSTRING(waitpid) |
3294 | 377 |
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378 @DOCSTRING(WCONTINUE) |
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379 |
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380 @DOCSTRING(WCOREDUMP) |
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381 |
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382 @DOCSTRING(WEXITSTATUS) |
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383 |
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384 @DOCSTRING(WIFCONTINUED) |
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385 |
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386 @DOCSTRING(WIFSIGNALED) |
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387 |
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388 @DOCSTRING(WIFSTOPPED) |
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389 |
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390 @DOCSTRING(WIFEXITED) |
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391 |
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392 @DOCSTRING(WNOHANG) |
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393 |
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394 @DOCSTRING(WSTOPSIG) |
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395 |
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396 @DOCSTRING(WTERMSIG) |
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397 |
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398 @DOCSTRING(WUNTRACED) |
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399 |
3301 | 400 @DOCSTRING(fcntl) |
3294 | 401 |
6549 | 402 @DOCSTRING(kill) |
403 | |
404 @DOCSTRING(SIG) | |
405 | |
4167 | 406 @node Process ID Information |
3294 | 407 @section Process, Group, and User IDs |
408 | |
3301 | 409 @DOCSTRING(getpgrp) |
3294 | 410 |
3301 | 411 @DOCSTRING(getpid) |
3294 | 412 |
3301 | 413 @DOCSTRING(getppid) |
3294 | 414 |
3301 | 415 @DOCSTRING(geteuid) |
3294 | 416 |
3301 | 417 @DOCSTRING(getuid) |
3294 | 418 |
3301 | 419 @DOCSTRING(getegid) |
3294 | 420 |
3301 | 421 @DOCSTRING(getgid) |
3294 | 422 |
4167 | 423 @node Environment Variables |
3294 | 424 @section Environment Variables |
425 | |
3301 | 426 @DOCSTRING(getenv) |
3294 | 427 |
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428 @DOCSTRING(isenv) |
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429 |
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430 @DOCSTRING(setenv) |
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431 |
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432 @DOCSTRING(unsetenv) |
3294 | 433 |
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434 @DOCSTRING(get_home_directory) |
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435 |
4167 | 436 @node Current Working Directory |
3294 | 437 @section Current Working Directory |
438 | |
3301 | 439 @DOCSTRING(cd) |
3294 | 440 |
3301 | 441 @DOCSTRING(ls) |
3294 | 442 |
6549 | 443 @DOCSTRING(ls_command) |
444 | |
445 @DOCSTRING(dir) | |
446 | |
3301 | 447 @DOCSTRING(pwd) |
3294 | 448 |
4167 | 449 @node Password Database Functions |
3294 | 450 @section Password Database Functions |
451 | |
452 Octave's password database functions return information in a structure | |
453 with the following fields. | |
454 | |
455 @table @code | |
456 @item name | |
457 The user name. | |
458 | |
459 @item passwd | |
460 The encrypted password, if available. | |
461 | |
462 @item uid | |
463 The numeric user id. | |
464 | |
465 @item gid | |
466 The numeric group id. | |
467 | |
468 @item gecos | |
469 The GECOS field. | |
470 | |
471 @item dir | |
472 The home directory. | |
473 | |
474 @item shell | |
475 The initial shell. | |
476 @end table | |
477 | |
478 In the descriptions of the following functions, this data structure is | |
479 referred to as a @var{pw_struct}. | |
480 | |
3301 | 481 @DOCSTRING(getpwent) |
3294 | 482 |
3301 | 483 @DOCSTRING(getpwuid) |
3294 | 484 |
3301 | 485 @DOCSTRING(getpwnam) |
3294 | 486 |
3301 | 487 @DOCSTRING(setpwent) |
3294 | 488 |
3301 | 489 @DOCSTRING(endpwent) |
3294 | 490 |
4167 | 491 @node Group Database Functions |
3294 | 492 @section Group Database Functions |
493 | |
494 Octave's group database functions return information in a structure | |
495 with the following fields. | |
496 | |
497 @table @code | |
498 @item name | |
499 The user name. | |
500 | |
501 @item passwd | |
502 The encrypted password, if available. | |
503 | |
504 @item gid | |
505 The numeric group id. | |
506 | |
507 @item mem | |
508 The members of the group. | |
509 @end table | |
510 | |
511 In the descriptions of the following functions, this data structure is | |
512 referred to as a @var{grp_struct}. | |
513 | |
3301 | 514 @DOCSTRING(getgrent) |
3294 | 515 |
3301 | 516 @DOCSTRING(getgrgid) |
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517 |
3301 | 518 @DOCSTRING(getgrnam) |
3294 | 519 |
3301 | 520 @DOCSTRING(setgrent) |
3294 | 521 |
3301 | 522 @DOCSTRING(endgrent) |
3294 | 523 |
4167 | 524 @node System Information |
3294 | 525 @section System Information |
526 | |
3301 | 527 @DOCSTRING(computer) |
3294 | 528 |
6549 | 529 @DOCSTRING(uname) |
530 | |
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531 @DOCSTRING(nproc) |
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532 |
6549 | 533 @DOCSTRING(ispc) |
534 | |
535 @DOCSTRING(isunix) | |
536 | |
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537 @DOCSTRING(ismac) |
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538 |
3301 | 539 @DOCSTRING(isieee) |
3294 | 540 |
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541 @DOCSTRING(isdeployed) |
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542 |
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543 @DOCSTRING(isstudent) |
4990d5988cf5
new function, isstudent (bug #43155)
John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org>
parents:
19120
diff
changeset
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544 |
6623 | 545 @DOCSTRING(OCTAVE_HOME) |
546 | |
23712
b95c430c0649
revamp insertion of config variables into binaries and eliminate some macros
John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org>
parents:
23220
diff
changeset
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547 @DOCSTRING(OCTAVE_EXEC_HOME) |
b95c430c0649
revamp insertion of config variables into binaries and eliminate some macros
John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org>
parents:
23220
diff
changeset
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548 |
12208
9611014e7cf1
Add function compare_versions to documentation.
Rik <octave@nomad.inbox5.com>
parents:
11535
diff
changeset
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549 @DOCSTRING(matlabroot) |
3294 | 550 |
29462
280defaf2023
pkg.m: Install local packages in version dependent path (bug #58299).
Markus Mützel <markus.muetzel@gmx.de>
parents:
28769
diff
changeset
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551 @DOCSTRING(user_config_dir) |
280defaf2023
pkg.m: Install local packages in version dependent path (bug #58299).
Markus Mützel <markus.muetzel@gmx.de>
parents:
28769
diff
changeset
|
552 |
280defaf2023
pkg.m: Install local packages in version dependent path (bug #58299).
Markus Mützel <markus.muetzel@gmx.de>
parents:
28769
diff
changeset
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553 @DOCSTRING(user_data_dir) |
280defaf2023
pkg.m: Install local packages in version dependent path (bug #58299).
Markus Mützel <markus.muetzel@gmx.de>
parents:
28769
diff
changeset
|
554 |
12208
9611014e7cf1
Add function compare_versions to documentation.
Rik <octave@nomad.inbox5.com>
parents:
11535
diff
changeset
|
555 @DOCSTRING(OCTAVE_VERSION) |
8286
6f2d95255911
fix @seealso references to point to existing anchors
Thorsten Meyer <thorsten.meyier@gmx.de>
parents:
7984
diff
changeset
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556 |
6623 | 557 @DOCSTRING(version) |
558 | |
559 @DOCSTRING(ver) | |
560 | |
12208
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Add function compare_versions to documentation.
Rik <octave@nomad.inbox5.com>
parents:
11535
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changeset
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561 @DOCSTRING(compare_versions) |
9611014e7cf1
Add function compare_versions to documentation.
Rik <octave@nomad.inbox5.com>
parents:
11535
diff
changeset
|
562 |
26608
0f187a956d47
Add verLessThan function (bug #55525)
Andrew Janke <andrew@apjanke.net>
parents:
26376
diff
changeset
|
563 @DOCSTRING(verLessThan) |
0f187a956d47
Add verLessThan function (bug #55525)
Andrew Janke <andrew@apjanke.net>
parents:
26376
diff
changeset
|
564 |
12208
9611014e7cf1
Add function compare_versions to documentation.
Rik <octave@nomad.inbox5.com>
parents:
11535
diff
changeset
|
565 @DOCSTRING(license) |
9611014e7cf1
Add function compare_versions to documentation.
Rik <octave@nomad.inbox5.com>
parents:
11535
diff
changeset
|
566 |
28372
2f571bfff344
Add "memory" function (patch #9924).
Lars Kindermann <lars.kindermann@reglos.de>
parents:
27806
diff
changeset
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567 @DOCSTRING(memory) |
2f571bfff344
Add "memory" function (patch #9924).
Lars Kindermann <lars.kindermann@reglos.de>
parents:
27806
diff
changeset
|
568 |
3301 | 569 @DOCSTRING(getrusage) |
6702 | 570 |
24664
a829062fdea4
Add function "winqueryreg" (bug #52935).
Markus Mützel <markus.muetzel@gmx.de>
parents:
24534
diff
changeset
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571 @DOCSTRING(winqueryreg) |
a829062fdea4
Add function "winqueryreg" (bug #52935).
Markus Mützel <markus.muetzel@gmx.de>
parents:
24534
diff
changeset
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572 |
6702 | 573 @node Hashing Functions |
574 @section Hashing Functions | |
575 | |
20913
69489c064cb7
New function hash to calculate MD{2/4/5} and SHA{1,244,256,384,512} hash values.
Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
parents:
20375
diff
changeset
|
576 It is often necessary to find if two strings or files are identical. |
69489c064cb7
New function hash to calculate MD{2/4/5} and SHA{1,244,256,384,512} hash values.
Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
parents:
20375
diff
changeset
|
577 This might be done by comparing them character by character and looking |
69489c064cb7
New function hash to calculate MD{2/4/5} and SHA{1,244,256,384,512} hash values.
Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
parents:
20375
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changeset
|
578 for differences. However, this can be slow, and so comparing a hash of |
69489c064cb7
New function hash to calculate MD{2/4/5} and SHA{1,244,256,384,512} hash values.
Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
parents:
20375
diff
changeset
|
579 the string or file can be a rapid way of finding if the files differ. |
6702 | 580 |
9079
4d610aba7347
Cleanup documentation for system.texi, package.texi
Rik <rdrider0-list@yahoo.com>
parents:
8920
diff
changeset
|
581 Another use of the hashing function is to check for file integrity. The |
6702 | 582 user can check the hash of the file against a known value and find if |
583 the file they have is the same as the one that the original hash was | |
584 produced with. | |
585 | |
20913
69489c064cb7
New function hash to calculate MD{2/4/5} and SHA{1,244,256,384,512} hash values.
Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
parents:
20375
diff
changeset
|
586 Octave supplies the @code{hash} function to calculate hash values of |
69489c064cb7
New function hash to calculate MD{2/4/5} and SHA{1,244,256,384,512} hash values.
Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
parents:
20375
diff
changeset
|
587 strings and files, the latter in combination with the @code{fileread} |
31251
24247d13a44b
doc: Minor wording change to hashing documentation
Arun Giridhar <arungiridhar@gmail.com>
parents:
30564
diff
changeset
|
588 function. The @code{hash} function supports many commonly used hash |
24247d13a44b
doc: Minor wording change to hashing documentation
Arun Giridhar <arungiridhar@gmail.com>
parents:
30564
diff
changeset
|
589 methods. |
6702 | 590 |
20913
69489c064cb7
New function hash to calculate MD{2/4/5} and SHA{1,244,256,384,512} hash values.
Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
parents:
20375
diff
changeset
|
591 @DOCSTRING(hash) |