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author Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
date Wed, 28 Sep 2016 11:30:27 +0200
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1 ---
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2 layout: default
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3 title: Examples
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4 menu: true
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5 ---
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7 ## Using Octave
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9 First, follow the [installation guide](install.html) to install Octave on your system. Then, launch the interactive prompt by typing `octave` in a terminal or by clicking the icon in the programs menu. For further guidance, see the manual page on [Running Octave]({{site.docs_url}}Running-Octave.html).
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12 ## Language Basics
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14 Click the headings below to see a manual page related to each topic
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15 {: .panel}
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18 ### [Variable Assignment]({{site.docs_url}}Variables.html)
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20 Assign values to variables with `=` (Note: assignment is <a href="#" data-reveal-id="assignmentModal">pass-by-value</a>)
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23 ### [Comments]({{site.docs_url}}Comments.html)
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25 `%` starts a comment block that continues to the end of the line.
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28 ### [Evaluation]({{site.docs_url}}Simple-Examples.html)
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30 The output of every command is printed to the console unless terminated with `;`.
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31 The `disp()` command can be used to print output anywhere. Use `exit` to quit the console.
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33 {% highlight matlab %}
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34 t = 99 + 1 % prints 't = 100'
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35 t = 99 + 1; % nothing is printed
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36 disp(t);
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37 100
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38 {% endhighlight %}
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41 ### [Math]({{site.docs_url}}Arithmetic.html)
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43 Many mathematical operators are available in addition to the standard arithmetic.
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44 Operations are floating-point.
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45 {% highlight matlab %}
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46 x = 3/4*pi;
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47 y = sin(x)
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48 0.70711
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49 {% endhighlight %}
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51
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52 ### [Matrices]({{site.docs_url}}Matrices.html)
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54 Arrays in Octave are called matrices.
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55 One-dimensional matrices are referred to as vectors.
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56 Use `space` or `,` to separate elements and `;` to start a new row.
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58 {% highlight matlab %}
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59 rowVec = [8 6 4]
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60 8 6 4
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61 columnVec = [8; 6; 4]
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62 8
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63 6
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64 4
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65 mat = [8 6 4; 2 0 -2]
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66 8 6 4
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67 2 0 -2
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68 size(mat)
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69 2 3
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70 length(rowVec)
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71 3
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72 {% endhighlight %}
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75 ### [Linear Algebra]({{site.docs_url}}Linear-Algebra.html)
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77 Many common linear algebra operations are simple to program using Octave's matrix syntax.
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78
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79 {% highlight matlab %}
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80 columnVec * rowVec
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81 64 48 32
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82 48 36 24
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83 32 24 16
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84 rowVec * columnVec
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85 116
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86 columnVec'
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87 8 6 4
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88 {% endhighlight %}
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89
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91 ### [Accessing Elements]({{site.docs_url}}Index-Expressions.html)
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92
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93 Octave is 1-indexed. Matrix elements are accessed as `matrix(rowNum, columnNum)`.
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94
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95 {% highlight matlab %}
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96 mat(2,3)
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97 -2
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98 {% endhighlight %}
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101 ### [Iteration]({{site.docs_url}}Statements.html)
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102
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103 Octave supports `for` and `while` loops, as well as other control flow structures.
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104
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105 {% highlight matlab %}
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106 x = zeros(50,1);
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107 for i=1:2:100 % iterate from 1 to 100 with step size 2
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108 x(i) = i^2;
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109 end
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110
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111 y = zeros(50,1);
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112 k = 1;
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113 step = 2;
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114 while k<=(100-step)
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115 y(i) = k^2;
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116 k = k + step;
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117 end
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118 {% endhighlight %}
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119
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121 ### [Vectorization]({{site.docs_url}}Vectorization-and-Faster-Code-Execution.html)
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122
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123 For-loops can often be replaced or simplified using vector syntax.
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124 The operators `*`,`/`,`^`,`%` all support element-wise operations using `.`.
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125 Many other functions operate element-wise by default (`sin`,`+`,`-`, etc.).
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126
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127 {% highlight matlab %}
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128 i = 1:2:100; % create a 50-element array
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129 x = i.^2; % each element is squared
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130 y = x + 9; % add 9 to each element
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131 z = y./i; % divide each element in y by the corresponding value in i
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132 w = sin(i/10); % take the sine of each element ÷ 10
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133 {% endhighlight %}
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136 ### [Plotting]({{site.docs_url}}Two_002dDimensional-Plots.html)
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137
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138 `plot` can be called with vector arguments to create 2D line and scatter plots.
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139
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140 {% highlight matlab %}
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141 plot(w,i/10);
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142 title('w = sin(i/10)';
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143 xlabel('i ÷ 10');
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144 ylabel('w');
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145 {% endhighlight %}
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147 <img src="{{site.baseurl}}/img/sinePlot.png" alt="sine plot" style="height: 20rem; width: auto;" />
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149
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150 ### [Strings]({{site.docs_url}}Strings.html)
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151
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152 Strings are simply arrays of characters.
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153 Strings can be composed using `printf`-style formatting with `sprintf` and `fprintf`.
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154 {% highlight matlab %}
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155 firstString = 'hello world';
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156 secondString = '!';
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157 [firstString,secondString]
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158 hello world!
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159 fprintf('%s %.10f \n', 'The number is:', 10)
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160 The number is: 10.0000000000
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161 {% endhighlight %}
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162
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163
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164 ### [If-else]({{site.docs_url}}The-if-Statement.html)
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165
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166 Conditional statements can be used to create branching logic in your code.
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167
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168 {% highlight matlab %}
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169 % Print 'Foo' if divisible by 7,
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170 % 'Fizz' if divisible by 3,
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171 % 'Buzz' if divisible by 5,
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172 % 'FizzBuzz' if divisible by 3 and 5
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173 for (i = 1:1:100)
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174 outputString = '';
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175 if (rem(i,3) == 0) % rem is the remainder function
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176 outputString = [outputString, 'Fizz'];
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177 end
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178 if (rem(i,5) == 0)
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179 outputString = [outputString, 'Buzz'];
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180 elseif (rem(i,7) == 0)
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181 outputString = 'Foo';
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182 else
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183 outputString = outputString;
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184 end
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185 fprintf('i=%g: %s \n',i,outputString);
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186 end
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187 {% endhighlight %}
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188
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189 {% highlight text %}
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190 ...
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191 i=12: Fizz
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192 i=13:
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193 i=14: Foo
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194 i=15: FizzBuzz
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195 ...
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196 {% endhighlight %}
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197
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198
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199 ### [Help]({{site.docs_url}}Simple-Examples.html#Help-and-Documentation)
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200
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201 The `help` and `doc` commands can be invoked at the Octave prompt to print documentation for any function.
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202
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203 {% highlight matlab %}
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204 help plot
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205 doc plot
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206 {% endhighlight %}
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207
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208
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209 ### [Packages]({{site.docs_url}}Packages.html)
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210
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211 Community-developed packages can be added from the
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212 [Octave Forge](http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html)
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213 to extend the functionality of Octave's core library.
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214 (Matlab users: Forge packages act similarly to Matlab's toolboxes.)
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215 The `pkg` command is used to manage these packages.
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216 For example, to use the image processing library from the Forge, use:
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217
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218 {% highlight matlab %}
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219 pkg install -forge image % install package
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220 pkg load image % load new functions into workspace
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221 {% endhighlight %}
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222
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223 <div id="assignmentModal" class="reveal-modal tiny" data-reveal aria-hidden="true" role="dialog">
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224 {% highlight matlab %}
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225 a = 1
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226 b = a
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227 b = 2
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228 a == b % returns 0 (false)
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229 {% endhighlight %}
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230 <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close">&#215;</a>
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231 </div>