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1 % refcard.tex |
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2 % |
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3 % This file is TeX source for a reference card describing Octave. |
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4 % |
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5 % Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007 John W. Eaton |
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6 % |
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7 % This file is part of Octave. |
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8 % |
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9 % Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it |
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10 % under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the |
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11 % Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your |
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12 % option) any later version. |
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13 % |
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14 % Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT |
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15 % ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or |
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16 % FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License |
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17 % for more details. |
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18 % |
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19 % You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
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20 % along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see |
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21 % <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
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22 % |
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23 % Heavily modified by jwe from the source for the gdb reference card, |
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24 % which was orignally written by Roland Pesch <pesch@cygnus.com>. |
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25 % |
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26 % Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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27 % Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of |
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28 % this reference provided the copyright notices and permission notices |
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29 % are preserved on all copies. |
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30 % |
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31 % TeX markup is a programming language; accordingly this file is source |
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32 % for a program to generate a reference. |
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33 % |
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34 % You only have to set the total width and height of the paper, the |
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35 % horizontal and vertical margin space measured from *paper edge* |
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36 % and the interline and interspec spacing. |
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37 % In order to support a new papersize, you have to fiddle with the |
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38 % latter four dimensions. Just try out a few values. |
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39 % All other values will be computed at process time so it should be |
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40 % quite easy to support different paper sizes - only four values to |
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41 % guess :-) |
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42 % |
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43 % To find the configuration places, just search for the string |
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44 % "User configuration". |
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45 % |
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46 % -- Andreas Vogel (av@ssw.de) |
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47 % |
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48 % NOTE ON INTENTIONAL OMISSIONS: This reference card includes many |
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49 % Octave commands, but due to space constraints there are some things |
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50 % I chose to omit. In general, not all synonyms for commands are |
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51 % covered, nor all variations of a command. |
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52 |
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53 \def\octaveversion{1.1.1} |
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54 \def\refcardedition{1.1} |
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55 |
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56 % ------------------ |
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57 % multicolumn format |
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58 % ------------------ |
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59 |
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60 % Declarations (these must come first) |
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61 |
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62 \newdimen\totalwidth |
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63 \newdimen\totalheight |
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64 \newdimen\hmargin |
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65 \newdimen\vmargin |
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66 \newdimen\secskip |
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67 \newdimen\lskip |
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68 \newdimen\barwidth |
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69 \newdimen\barheight |
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70 \newdimen\intersecwidth |
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71 |
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72 \newcount\columnsperpage |
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73 |
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74 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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75 % % |
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76 % CONFIGURATION % |
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77 % % |
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78 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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79 |
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80 % There are currently 8 total columns, so some of these options will |
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81 % not create a single page reference card. |
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82 |
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83 % Choose a paper size. Default is US letter size. |
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84 |
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85 \def\refcardafoursize{a4} % 3 columns, A4 paper (1 in = 254 mm) |
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86 \def\refcardlegalsize{legal} % 4 columns, US legal paper (8.5 x 14in) |
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87 \def\refcardlettersize{letter} % 3 columns, US letter paper (8.5 x 11in) |
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88 |
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89 \ifx\refcardsize\refcardafoursize |
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90 \columnsperpage=3 % total number of columns to typeset |
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91 \totalwidth=297mm % total width of paper |
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92 \totalheight=210mm % total height of paper |
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93 \hmargin=9mm % horizontal margin width |
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94 \vmargin=7mm % vertical margin width |
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95 \secskip=3mm % space between refcard secs |
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96 \lskip=0.4mm % extra skip between \sec entries |
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97 \else |
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98 \ifx\refcardsize\refcardlegalsize |
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99 \columnsperpage=4 % total number of columns to typeset |
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100 \totalwidth=14in % total width of paper |
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101 \totalheight=8.5in % total height of paper |
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102 \hmargin=0.20in % horizontal margin width |
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103 \vmargin=0.25in % vertical margin width |
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104 \secskip=0.75pc % space between refcard secs |
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105 \lskip=2pt % extra skip between \sec entries |
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106 \else |
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107 \columnsperpage=3 % total number of columns to typeset |
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108 \totalwidth=11in % total width of paper |
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109 \totalheight=8.5in % total height of paper |
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110 \hmargin=0.25in % horizontal margin width |
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111 \vmargin=0.25in % vertical margin width |
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112 \secskip=0.75pc % space between refcard secs |
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113 \lskip=2pt % extra skip between \sec entries |
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114 \fi |
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115 \fi |
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116 |
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117 \ifx\pdfoutput\undefined |
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118 \else |
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119 \pdfpageheight=\totalheight |
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120 \pdfpagewidth=\totalwidth |
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121 \fi |
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122 |
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123 % Change according to personal taste, not papersize dependent. |
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124 |
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125 \barwidth=.1pt % width of the cropmark bar |
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126 \barheight=2pt % height of the cropmark bar |
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127 \intersecwidth=0.5em % width between \itmwid and \dfnwid |
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128 |
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129 % Uncomment only one of the following definitions for folding guides. |
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130 |
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131 % No printed folding guide: |
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132 |
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133 %\def\vdecor{\hskip\hmargin plus1fil |
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134 % \hskip\barwidth plus1fil |
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135 % \hskip\hmargin plus1fil} |
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136 |
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137 % Solid line folding guide: |
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138 |
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139 %\def\vdecor{\hskip\hmargin plus1fil% |
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140 % \vrule width \barwidth% |
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141 % \hskip\hmargin plus1fil} |
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142 |
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143 % For small marks near top and bottom as folding guide: |
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144 |
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145 \def\vdecor{\hskip\hmargin plus1fil% |
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146 \vbox to \vsize{\hbox to \barwidth{\vrule height\barheight width\barwidth}% |
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147 \vfill |
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148 \hbox to \barwidth{\vrule height\barheight width\barwidth}}% |
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149 \hskip\hmargin plus1fil} |
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150 |
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151 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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152 % % |
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153 % END CONFIGURATION % |
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154 % % |
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155 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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156 |
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157 % values to be computed based on above definitions. |
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158 % nothing to configure |
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159 |
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160 \newdimen\fullhsize % width of area without margins |
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161 \newdimen\itmwid % width of item column |
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162 \newdimen\dfnwid % width of definition column |
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163 \newdimen\idnwid % width of indented text |
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164 \newdimen\temp % only for temporary use |
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165 |
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166 % an alternate section format, used in some cases to make text fit better. |
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167 |
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168 \newdimen\altitmwid % width of item column in altsec |
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169 \newdimen\altdfnwid % width of definition column in altsec |
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170 |
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171 % Subtract hmargin for left and right sides of paper from full width. |
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172 % |
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173 % fullhsize = totalwidth - (2 * hmargin) |
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174 |
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175 \fullhsize=\totalwidth |
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176 \temp=\hmargin |
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177 \multiply \temp by 2 |
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178 \advance \fullhsize by -\temp |
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179 |
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180 % intercolumn space is composed of hmargin barwidth hmargin so that we |
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181 % get the same amount of space on either side of the (optional) rule |
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182 % between columns. For N columns, we need to subtract this amount of |
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183 % space N-1 times. Divide by the number of columns to get the final |
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184 % value of \hsize that we use to typeset columns. |
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185 |
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186 % hsize = (fullhsize - (ncols-1)*barwidth - 2*(ncols-1)*hmargin) / ncols |
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187 |
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188 \newcount\tmpcnt |
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189 \tmpcnt\columnsperpage |
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190 \advance \tmpcnt by -1 |
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191 |
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192 \hsize=\fullhsize |
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193 |
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194 \temp=\barwidth |
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195 \multiply \temp by \tmpcnt |
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196 \advance \hsize by -\temp |
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197 |
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198 \multiply \tmpcnt by 2 |
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199 |
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200 \temp=\hmargin |
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201 \multiply \temp by \tmpcnt |
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202 \advance \hsize by -\temp |
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203 |
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204 \divide \hsize by \columnsperpage |
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205 |
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206 % Vertical size is easy -- same amount of space above and below. |
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207 % |
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208 % vsize = totalheight - (2 * vmargin) |
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209 |
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210 \vsize=\totalheight |
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211 \temp=\vmargin |
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212 \multiply \temp by 2 |
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213 \advance \vsize by -\temp |
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214 |
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215 % adjust the offsets so the margins are measured *from paper edge* |
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216 |
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217 \hoffset=-1in \advance \hoffset by \hmargin |
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218 \voffset=-1in \advance \voffset by \vmargin |
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219 |
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220 % Width of items in a section. |
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221 |
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222 % itmwid = (hsize - intersecwidth) * 1/3 |
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223 % dfnwid = (hsize - intersecwidth) * 2/3 |
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224 |
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225 % width of the item |
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226 |
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227 \temp=\hsize |
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228 \advance \temp by -\intersecwidth |
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229 \divide \temp by 3 |
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230 \itmwid=\temp |
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231 |
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232 % width of the corresponding definition |
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233 |
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234 \dfnwid=\hsize |
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235 \advance \dfnwid by -\itmwid |
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236 |
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237 % indentation for sub items, etc. |
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238 |
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239 \temp=\hsize \advance\temp by -1em |
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240 \idnwid=\temp |
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241 |
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242 % Width of items in an alt section. |
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243 |
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244 \altitmwid=\itmwid \advance \altitmwid by 0.35in |
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245 \altdfnwid=\dfnwid \advance \altdfnwid by -0.35in |
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246 |
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247 % Output macros. |
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248 % |
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249 % Strategy: |
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250 % |
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251 % * set each column in a box |
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252 % * append new columns in a global `holding' box, inserting |
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253 % intercolumn decorations as necessary. |
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254 % * when we fill a page, dump the saved box and the latest column, |
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255 % separated by the intercolumn decoration. |
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256 |
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257 \newbox\holdbox |
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258 \newcount\colno |
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259 \colno=0 |
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260 |
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261 \output={\relax |
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262 \global\advance\colno by 1 |
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263 \ifnum\colno=1 |
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264 \global\setbox\holdbox=\columnbox |
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265 \else |
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266 \ifnum\colno=\columnsperpage |
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267 \shipout\hbox to \fullhsize{\box\holdbox\vdecor\columnbox} |
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268 \advancepageno |
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269 \global\colno=0 |
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270 \else |
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271 \global\setbox\holdbox=\vbox{\hbox{\box\holdbox\vdecor\columnbox}} |
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272 \fi |
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273 \fi} |
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274 |
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275 \def\columnbox{\leftline{\pagebody}} |
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276 |
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277 \def\bye{\par\vfill |
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278 \supereject |
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279 \if R\lcr \null\vfill\eject \fi |
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280 \end} |
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281 |
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282 % ----- |
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283 % Fonts |
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284 % ----- |
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285 |
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286 \font\bbf=cmbx10 |
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287 \font\vbbf=cmbx12 |
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288 \font\smrm=cmr6 |
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289 \font\brm=cmr10 |
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290 \font\rm=cmr7 |
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291 \font\it=cmti7 |
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292 \font\tt=cmtt8 |
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293 |
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294 % We can afford to allow some slop |
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295 |
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296 \hfuzz=1pt |
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297 \vfuzz=1pt |
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298 \hyphenpenalty=5000 |
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299 \tolerance=2000 |
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300 \raggedright |
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301 \raggedbottom |
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302 \normalbaselineskip=9pt |
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303 \baselineskip=9pt |
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304 |
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305 \parindent=0pt |
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306 \parskip=0pt |
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307 \footline={\vbox to0pt{\hss}} |
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308 |
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309 \def\ctl#1{{\tt C-#1}} |
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310 \def\opt#1{{\brm[{\rm #1}]}} |
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311 \def\xtra#1{\noalign{\smallskip{\tt#1}}} |
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312 |
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313 % A normal section |
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314 |
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315 \long\def\sec#1;#2\endsec{\vskip \secskip |
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316 \halign{% |
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317 % |
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318 % column 1 (of halign): |
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319 % |
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320 \vtop{\hsize=\itmwid\tt ##\par\vskip \lskip }\hfil |
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321 % |
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322 % column 2 (of halign): |
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323 % |
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324 &\vtop{% |
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325 \hsize=\dfnwid |
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326 \hangafter=1 |
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327 \hangindent=\intersecwidth |
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328 \rm ##\par\vskip \lskip}\cr |
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329 % |
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330 % Tail of \long\def fills in halign body with \sec args: |
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331 % |
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332 \noalign{{\bbf #1}% |
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333 \vskip \lskip} |
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334 #2}} |
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335 |
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336 \long\def\widesec#1;#2\endsec{\vskip \secskip |
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337 \halign{% |
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338 % |
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339 % column 1 (of halign): |
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340 % |
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341 \vbox{\tt |
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342 ##\par\vskip \lskip }\cr |
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343 % |
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344 % Tail of \long\def fills in halign body with \sec args: |
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345 % |
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346 \noalign{{\bbf #1}\vskip 3\lskip} |
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347 #2}} |
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348 |
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349 % an alternate section format, used in some cases to make text fit better. |
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350 |
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351 \long\def\altsec#1;#2\endsec{\vskip \secskip |
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352 \halign{% |
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353 % |
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354 % column 1 (of halign): |
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355 % |
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356 \vtop{\hsize=\altitmwid\tt |
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357 ##\par\vskip \lskip}\hfil |
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358 % |
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359 % column 2 (of halign): |
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360 % |
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361 &\vtop{% |
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362 \hsize=\altdfnwid |
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363 \hangafter=1 |
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364 \hangindent=\intersecwidth |
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365 \rm ##\par\vskip \lskip}\cr |
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366 % |
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367 % Tail of \long\def fills in halign body with \sec args: |
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368 % |
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369 \noalign{{\bbf #1}\vskip \lskip} |
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370 #2}} |
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371 |
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372 % ------------------------------------- |
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373 % The actual text of the reference card |
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374 % ------------------------------------- |
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375 |
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376 {\vbbf Octave Quick Reference}\hfil{\smrm Octave Version \octaveversion}\qquad |
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377 |
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378 \sec Starting Octave; |
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379 octave&start interactive Octave session\cr |
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380 octave {\it file}&run Octave on commands in {\it file}\cr |
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381 octave --help&describe command line options\cr |
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382 \endsec |
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383 |
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384 \sec Stopping Octave; |
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385 quit {\rm or} exit&exit Octave\cr |
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386 INTERRUPT&({\it e.g.} \ctl{c}) terminate current command and return to |
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387 top-level prompt\cr |
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388 \endsec |
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389 |
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390 \sec Getting Help; |
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391 help&list all commands and built-in variables\cr |
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392 help {\it command}&briefly describe {\it command}\cr |
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393 help -i&use Info to browse Octave manual\cr |
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394 help -i {\it command}&search for {\it command\/} in Octave manual\cr |
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395 \endsec |
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396 |
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397 \sec Motion in Info; |
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398 SPC {\rm or} C-v&scroll forward one screenful\cr |
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399 DEL {\rm or} M-v&scroll backward one screenful\cr |
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400 C-l&redraw the display\cr |
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401 \endsec |
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402 |
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403 \sec Node Selection in Info; |
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404 n&select the next node\cr |
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405 p&select the previous node\cr |
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406 u&select the `up' node\cr |
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407 t&select the `top' node\cr |
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408 d&select the directory node\cr |
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409 <&select the first node in the current file\cr |
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410 >&select the last node in the current file\cr |
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411 % ]&move forward through the node structure\cr |
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412 % [&move backward through the nodes\cr |
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413 g&reads the name of a node and selects it\cr |
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414 C-x k&kills the current node\cr |
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415 \endsec |
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416 |
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417 \sec Searching in Info; |
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418 s&search for a string\cr |
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419 C-s&search forward incrementally\cr |
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420 C-r&search backward incrementally\cr |
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421 i&search index \& go to corresponding node\cr |
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422 ,&go to next match from last `i' command\cr |
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423 \endsec |
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424 |
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425 \sec Command-Line Cursor Motion; |
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426 C-b&move back one character\cr |
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427 C-f&move forward one character\cr |
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428 C-a&move to the start of the line\cr |
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429 C-e&move to the end of the line\cr |
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430 M-f&move forward a word\cr |
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431 M-b&move backward a word\cr |
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432 C-l&clear screen, reprinting current line at top\cr |
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433 \endsec |
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434 |
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435 \sec Inserting or Changing Text; |
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436 M-TAB&insert a tab character\cr |
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437 DEL&delete character to the left of the cursor\cr |
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438 C-d&delete character under the cursor\cr |
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439 C-v&add the next character verbatim\cr |
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440 C-t&transpose characters at the point\cr |
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441 M-t&transpose words at the point\cr |
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442 % M-u&uppercase the current word\cr |
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443 % M-l&lowercase the current word\cr |
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444 % M-c&capitalize the current word\cr |
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445 \endsec |
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446 |
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447 \vfill |
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448 \line{\smrm \opt{ } surround optional arguments |
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449 \hfill ... show one or more arguments} |
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450 \vskip0.25\baselineskip |
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451 \centerline{\smrm Copyright 1996, 1997 John W. Eaton\qquad Permissions on back} |
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452 \eject |
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453 |
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454 \sec Killing and Yanking; |
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455 C-k&kill to the end of the line\cr |
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456 C-y&yank the most recently killed text\cr |
|
|
457 M-d&kill to the end of the current word\cr |
|
|
458 M-DEL&kill the word behind the cursor\cr |
|
|
459 M-y&rotate the kill ring and yank the new top\cr |
|
|
460 \endsec |
|
|
461 |
|
|
462 \sec Command Completion and History; |
|
|
463 TAB&complete a command or variable name\cr |
|
|
464 M-?&list possible completions\cr |
|
|
465 |
|
|
466 RET&enter the current line \cr |
|
|
467 C-p&move `up' through the history list\cr |
|
|
468 C-n&move `down' through the history list\cr |
|
|
469 M-<&move to the first line in the history\cr |
|
|
470 M->&move to the last line in the history\cr |
|
|
471 C-r&search backward in the history list\cr |
|
|
472 C-s&search forward in the history list\cr |
|
|
473 |
|
|
474 history \opt{{-q}} \opt{{\it N\/}}&list {\it N\/} previous history lines, |
|
|
475 omitting history numbers if {\tt -q}\cr |
|
|
476 history -w \opt{{\it file}}&write history to {\it file\/} ({\tt |
|
|
477 \char'0176/.octave\_hist} if no {\it file\/} argument)\cr |
|
|
478 history -r \opt{{\it file}}&read history from {\it file\/} ({\tt |
|
|
479 \char'0176/.octave\_hist} if no {\it file\/} argument)\cr |
|
|
480 |
|
|
481 edit\_history {\it lines}&edit and then run previous |
|
|
482 commands from the history list\cr |
|
|
483 run\_history {\it lines}&run previous commands from the |
|
|
484 history list\cr |
|
|
485 \quad\opt{{\it beg\/}} \opt{{\it end\/}}&Specify the first and last |
|
|
486 history commands to edit or run.\cr |
|
|
487 \omit\hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
488 If {\it beg}\/ is greater than {\it end}, |
|
|
489 reverse the list of commands before editing. If {\it end\/} is |
|
|
490 omitted, select commands from {\it beg\/} to the end of the history |
|
|
491 list. If both arguments are omitted, edit the previous item in the |
|
|
492 history list.}\span\cr |
|
|
493 \endsec |
|
|
494 |
|
|
495 \sec Shell Commands; |
|
|
496 cd {\it dir}&change working directory to {\it dir}\cr |
|
|
497 pwd&print working directory\cr |
|
|
498 ls \opt{{\it options}}&print directory listing\cr |
|
|
499 getenv ({\it string})&return value of named environment variable\cr |
|
|
500 system ({\it cmd})&execute arbitrary shell command string\cr |
|
|
501 \endsec |
|
|
502 |
|
|
503 \sec Matrices; |
|
|
504 \omit\vbox{\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
505 Square brackets delimit literal matrices. Commas separate elements |
|
|
506 on the same row. Semicolons separate rows. Commas may be replaced |
|
|
507 by spaces, and semicolons may be replaced by one or more newlines. |
|
|
508 Elements of a matrix may be arbitrary expressions, provided that |
|
|
509 all the dimensions agree.\vskip0.75ex}\span\cr |
|
|
510 [ {\it x}, {\it y}, ... ]&enter a row vector\cr |
|
|
511 [ {\it x}; {\it y}; ... ]&enter a column vector\cr |
|
|
512 [ {\it w}, {\it x}; {\it y}, {\it z} ]&enter a 2$\times$2 matrix\cr |
|
|
513 \endsec |
|
|
514 |
|
|
515 \sec Ranges; |
|
|
516 {\it base} : {\it limit}\cr |
|
|
517 {\it base} : {\it incr} : {\it limit}\cr |
|
|
518 \omit\hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.75ex |
|
|
519 Specify a range of values beginning with {\it base\/} with no elements |
|
|
520 greater than {\it limit}. If it is omitted, the default value of |
|
|
521 {\it incr\/} is 1. Negative increments are permitted.}\span\cr |
|
|
522 \endsec |
|
|
523 |
|
|
524 \vfill\eject |
|
|
525 |
|
|
526 \sec Strings and Common Escape Sequences; |
|
|
527 \omit\vbox{\rm\vskip0.5ex |
|
|
528 A {\it string constant\/} consists of a sequence of characters |
|
|
529 enclosed in either double-quote or single-quote marks.\vskip0.75ex}\span\cr |
|
|
530 \char'134\char'134&a literal backslash\cr |
|
|
531 \char'134 "&a literal double-quote character\cr |
|
|
532 \char'134 '&a literal single-quote character\cr |
|
|
533 \char'134 n&newline, ASCII code 10\cr |
|
|
534 \char'134 t&horizontal tab, ASCII code 9\cr |
|
|
535 \endsec |
|
|
536 |
|
|
537 \sec Index Expressions; |
|
|
538 {\it var} ({\it idx})&select elements of a vector\cr |
|
|
539 {\it var} ({\it idx1}, {\it idx2})&select elements of a matrix\cr |
|
|
540 |
|
|
541 \quad {\it scalar}&select row (column) corresponding to {\it scalar}\cr |
|
|
542 \quad {\it vector}&select rows (columns) corresponding to the elements |
|
|
543 of {\it vector}\cr |
|
|
544 \quad {\it range}&select rows (columns) corresponding to the elements |
|
|
545 of {\it range}\cr |
|
|
546 \quad :&select all rows (columns)\cr |
|
|
547 \endsec |
|
|
548 |
|
|
549 \sec Global Variables; |
|
|
550 global {\it var1} ...&Declare variables global.\cr |
|
|
551 \omit\hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
552 Global variables may be accessed inside the body of a function |
|
|
553 without having to be passed in the function parameter list provided |
|
|
554 they are also declared global within the function.}\span\cr |
|
|
555 \endsec |
|
|
556 |
|
6548
|
557 \sec Selected Built-in Functions; |
|
2333
|
558 EDITOR&editor to use with {\tt edit\_history}\cr |
|
|
559 Inf, NaN&IEEE infinity, NaN\cr |
|
|
560 PAGER&program to use to paginate output\cr |
|
|
561 ans&last result not explicitly assigned\cr |
|
|
562 eps&machine precision\cr |
|
|
563 pi&$\pi$\cr |
|
|
564 realmax&maximum representable value\cr |
|
|
565 realmin&minimum representable value\cr |
|
|
566 \endsec |
|
|
567 |
|
|
568 \vfill\eject |
|
|
569 |
|
|
570 \sec Arithmetic and Increment Operators; |
|
|
571 {\it x} + {\it y}&addition\cr |
|
|
572 {\it x} - {\it y}&subtraction\cr |
|
|
573 {\it x} * {\it y}&matrix multiplication\cr |
|
|
574 {\it x} .* {\it y}&element by element multiplication\cr |
|
|
575 {\it x} / {\it y}&right division, conceptually equivalent to |
|
|
576 {\tt (inverse~(y')~*~x')'}\cr |
|
|
577 {\it x} ./ {\it y}&element by element right division\cr |
|
|
578 {\it x} \char'134{} {\it y}&left division, conceptually equivalent to |
|
|
579 {\tt inverse~(x)~*~y}\cr |
|
|
580 {\it x} .\char'134{} {\it y}&element by element left division\cr |
|
|
581 {\it x} \char'136{} {\it y}&power operator\cr |
|
|
582 {\it x} .\char'136{} {\it y}&element by element power operator\cr |
|
|
583 - {\it x}&negation\cr |
|
|
584 + {\it x}&unary plus (a no-op)\cr |
|
|
585 {\it x} '&complex conjugate transpose\cr |
|
|
586 {\it x} .'&transpose\cr |
|
|
587 ++ {\it x}\quad{\rm(}-- {\it x}{\rm)}&increment (decrement) {\it x}, |
|
|
588 return {\it new\/} value\cr |
|
|
589 {\it x} ++\quad{\rm(}{\it x} --{\rm)}&increment (decrement) {\it x}, |
|
|
590 return {\it old\/} value\cr |
|
|
591 \endsec |
|
|
592 |
|
|
593 \sec Assignment Expressions; |
|
|
594 {\it var} = {\it expr}&assign expression to variable\cr |
|
|
595 {\it var} ({\it idx}) = {\it expr}&assign expression to indexed variable\cr |
|
|
596 \endsec |
|
|
597 |
|
|
598 \sec Comparison and Boolean Operators; |
|
|
599 \omit \vbox{\rm\vskip0.75ex |
|
|
600 These operators work on an element-by-element basis. Both arguments |
|
|
601 are always evaluated.\vskip0.75ex}\span\cr |
|
|
602 {\it x} < {\it y}&true if {\it x\/} is less than {\it y}\cr |
|
|
603 {\it x} <= {\it y}&true if {\it x\/} is less than or equal to {\it y}\cr |
|
3602
|
604 {\it x} == {\it y}&true if {\it x\/} is equal to {\it y}\cr |
|
2333
|
605 {\it x} >= {\it y}&true if {\it x\/} is greater than or equal to {\it y}\cr |
|
3602
|
606 {\it x} > {\it y}&true if {\it x\/} is greater than {\it y}\cr |
|
2333
|
607 {\it x} != {\it y}&true if {\it x\/} is not equal to {\it y}\cr |
|
|
608 {\it x} \& {\it y}&true if both {\it x\/} and {\it y\/} are true\cr |
|
|
609 {\it x} | {\it y}&true if at least one of {\it x\/} or {\it y\/} is true\cr |
|
3602
|
610 ! {\it bool}&true if {\it bool\/} is false\cr |
|
2333
|
611 \endsec |
|
|
612 |
|
|
613 \sec Short-circuit Boolean Operators; |
|
|
614 \omit \vbox{\rm\vskip0.75ex |
|
|
615 Operators evaluate left-to-right, expecting scalar operands. |
|
|
616 Operands are only evaluated if necessary, stopping once overall |
|
|
617 truth value can be determined. Operands are converted to scalars by |
|
|
618 applying the {\tt all} function.\vskip0.75ex}\span\cr |
|
|
619 {\it x} \&\& {\it y}&true if both {\it x\/} and {\it y\/} are true\cr |
|
|
620 {\it x} || {\it y}&true if at least one of {\it x\/} or {\it y\/} is true\cr |
|
|
621 \endsec |
|
|
622 |
|
|
623 \sec Operator Precedence; |
|
|
624 \omit \vbox{\rm\vskip0.5ex |
|
|
625 Here is a table of the operators in Octave, in order of increasing |
|
|
626 precedence.\vskip0.75ex}\span\cr |
|
|
627 ;\ \ ,&statement separators\cr |
|
|
628 =&assignment, groups left to right\cr |
|
|
629 ||\ \ \&\&&logical ``or'' and ``and''\cr |
|
|
630 |\ \ \&&element-wise ``or'' and ``and''\cr |
|
|
631 < <= == >= > !=&relational operators\cr |
|
|
632 :&colon\cr |
|
|
633 +\ \ -&addition and subtraction\cr |
|
|
634 * / \char'134\ \ .*\ \ ./\ \ .\char'134&multiplication and division\cr |
|
|
635 '\ \ .'&transpose\cr |
|
|
636 +\ \ -\ \ ++\ \ --\ \ !&unary minus, increment, logical ``not''\cr |
|
|
637 \char'136\ \ .\char'136&exponentiation\cr |
|
|
638 \endsec |
|
|
639 |
|
|
640 \vfill\eject |
|
|
641 |
|
|
642 \widesec Statements; |
|
|
643 for {\it identifier} = {\it expr} {\it stmt-list} endfor\cr |
|
|
644 \hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
645 Execute {\it stmt-list} once for each column of {\it expr}. The |
|
|
646 variable {\it identifier} is set to the value of the current column |
|
|
647 during each iteration.}\cr\cr |
|
|
648 while ({\it condition}) {\it stmt-list} endwhile\cr |
|
|
649 \hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
650 Execute {\it stmt-list} while {\it condition} is true.}\cr\cr |
|
|
651 \hbox{\vtop{\hsize=\itmwid\tt break} |
|
|
652 \vtop{\hsize=\dfnwid\rm exit innermost loop}}\cr |
|
|
653 \hbox{\vtop{\hsize=\itmwid\tt continue} |
|
|
654 \vtop{\hsize=\dfnwid\rm go to beginning of innermost loop}}\cr |
|
|
655 \hbox{\vtop{\hsize=\itmwid\tt return} |
|
|
656 \vtop{\hsize=\dfnwid\rm return to calling function}}\cr\cr |
|
|
657 if ({\it condition}) {\it if-body} \opt{{\tt else} {\it else-body}} endif\cr |
|
|
658 \hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
659 Execute {\it if-body} if {\it condition} is true, otherwise execute |
|
|
660 {\it else-body}.}\cr |
|
|
661 if ({\it condition}) {\it if-body} \opt{{\tt elseif} ({\it condition}) |
|
|
662 {\it elseif-body}} endif\cr |
|
|
663 \hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
664 Execute {\it if-body} if {\it condition} is true, otherwise execute |
|
|
665 the {\it elseif-body} corresponding to the first {\tt elseif} |
|
|
666 condition that is true, otherwise execute {\it else-body}.}\cr |
|
|
667 \hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
668 Any number of {\tt elseif} clauses may appear in an {\tt if} |
|
|
669 statement.}\cr\cr |
|
|
670 unwind\_protect {\it body} unwind\_protect\_cleanup {\it cleanup} end\cr |
|
|
671 \hfill\vbox{\hsize=\idnwid\rm\vskip0.25ex |
|
|
672 Execute {\it body}. Execute {\it cleanup} no matter how control |
|
|
673 exits {\it body}.}\cr |
|
|
674 \endsec |
|
|
675 |
|
|
676 \widesec Defining Functions; |
|
|
677 function \opt{{\it ret-list}} {\it function-name} |
|
|
678 \opt{\hskip0.2em({\it arg-list})\hskip0.2em}\cr |
|
|
679 \quad{\it function-body}\cr |
|
|
680 endfunction\cr\cr |
|
|
681 {\rm {\it ret-list\/} may be a single identifier or a comma-separated |
|
|
682 list of identifiers delimited by square-brackets.\vskip0.75ex}\cr |
|
|
683 {\rm {\it arg-list\/} is a comma-separated list of identifiers and may |
|
|
684 be empty.}\cr |
|
|
685 \endsec |
|
|
686 |
|
|
687 \sec Basic Matrix Manipulations; |
|
|
688 rows ({\it a})&return number of rows of {\it a}\cr |
|
|
689 columns ({\it a})&return number of columns of {\it a}\cr |
|
|
690 all ({\it a})&check if all elements of {\it a\/} nonzero\cr |
|
|
691 any ({\it a})&check if any elements of {\it a\/} nonzero\cr |
|
|
692 find ({\it a})&return indices of nonzero elements\cr |
|
|
693 sort ({\it a})&order elements in each column of {\it a}\cr |
|
|
694 sum ({\it a})&sum elements in columns of {\it a}\cr |
|
|
695 prod ({\it a})&product of elements in columns of {\it a}\cr |
|
|
696 min ({\it args})&find minimum values\cr |
|
|
697 max ({\it args})&find maximum values\cr |
|
|
698 rem ({\it x}, {\it y})&find remainder of {\it x}/{\it y}\cr |
|
|
699 reshape ({\it a}, {\it m}, {\it n})&reformat {\it a} to be {\it m} by |
|
|
700 {\it n}\cr\cr |
|
|
701 diag ({\it v}, {\it k})&create diagonal matrices\cr |
|
|
702 linspace ({\it b}, {\it l}, {\it n})&create vector of linearly-spaced |
|
|
703 elements\cr |
|
|
704 logspace ({\it b}, {\it l}, {\it n})&create vector of log-spaced |
|
|
705 elements\cr |
|
|
706 eye ({\it n}, {\it m})&create {\it n\/} by {\it m\/} identity matrix\cr |
|
|
707 ones ({\it n}, {\it m})&create {\it n\/} by {\it m\/} matrix of ones\cr |
|
|
708 zeros ({\it n}, {\it m})&create {\it n\/} by {\it m\/} matrix of zeros\cr |
|
|
709 rand ({\it n}, {\it m})&create {\it n\/} by {\it m\/} matrix of random |
|
|
710 values\cr |
|
|
711 \endsec |
|
|
712 |
|
|
713 \vfill\eject |
|
|
714 |
|
|
715 % sin({\it a}) cos({\it a}) tan({\it a})&trigonometric functions\cr |
|
|
716 % asin({\it a}) acos({\it a}) atan({\it a})&inverse trigonometric functions\cr |
|
|
717 % sinh({\it a}) cosh({\it a}) tanh({\it a})&hyperbolic trig functions\cr |
|
|
718 % asinh({\it a}) acosh({\it a}) atanh({\it a})&inverse hyperbolic trig |
|
|
719 % functions\cr\cr |
|
|
720 |
|
|
721 \sec Linear Algebra; |
|
|
722 chol ({\it a})&Cholesky factorization\cr |
|
|
723 det ({\it a})&compute the determinant of a matrix\cr |
|
|
724 eig ({\it a})&eigenvalues and eigenvectors\cr |
|
|
725 expm ({\it a})&compute the exponential of a matrix\cr |
|
|
726 hess ({\it a})&compute Hessenberg decomposition\cr |
|
|
727 inverse ({\it a})&invert a square matrix\cr |
|
|
728 norm ({\it a}, {\it p})&compute the {\it p}-norm of a matrix\cr |
|
|
729 pinv ({\it a})&compute pseudoinverse of {\it a}\cr |
|
|
730 qr ({\it a})&compute the QR factorization of a matrix\cr |
|
|
731 rank ({\it a})&matrix rank\cr |
|
|
732 schur ({\it a})&Schur decomposition of a matrix\cr |
|
|
733 svd ({\it a})&singular value decomposition\cr |
|
|
734 syl ({\it a}, {\it b}, {\it c})&solve the Sylvester equation\cr |
|
|
735 \endsec |
|
|
736 |
|
|
737 \sec Equations, ODEs, DAEs, Quadrature; |
|
|
738 *fsolve&solve nonlinear algebraic equations\cr |
|
|
739 *lsode&integrate nonlinear ODEs\cr |
|
|
740 *dassl&integrate nonlinear DAEs\cr |
|
|
741 *quad&integrate nonlinear functions\cr\cr |
|
|
742 perror ({\it nm}, {\it code})&for functions that return numeric |
|
|
743 codes, print error message for named function and given error |
|
|
744 code\cr\cr |
|
|
745 \omit \vbox{\rm |
|
|
746 {\tt *} See the on-line or printed manual for the complete list of |
|
|
747 arguments for these functions.}\span\cr |
|
|
748 \endsec |
|
|
749 |
|
|
750 \sec Signal Processing; |
|
|
751 fft ({\it a})&Fast Fourier Transform using FFTPACK\cr |
|
|
752 ifft ({\it a})&inverse FFT using FFTPACK\cr |
|
|
753 freqz ({\it args})&FIR filter frequency response\cr |
|
|
754 sinc ({\it x})&returns {\tt sin ($\pi$ x)/($\pi$ x)}\cr |
|
|
755 \endsec |
|
|
756 |
|
|
757 \altsec Image Processing; |
|
|
758 colormap ({\it map})&set the current colormap\cr |
|
|
759 gray2ind ({\it i}, {\it n})&convert gray scale to Octave image\cr |
|
|
760 image ({\it img}, {\it zoom})&display an Octave image matrix\cr |
|
|
761 imagesc ({\it img}, {\it zoom})&display scaled matrix as image\cr |
|
|
762 imshow ({\it img}, {\it map})&display Octave image\cr |
|
|
763 imshow ({\it i}, {\it n})&display gray scale image\cr |
|
|
764 imshow ({\it r}, {\it g}, {\it b})&display RGB image\cr |
|
|
765 ind2gray ({\it img}, {\it map})&convert Octave image to gray scale\cr |
|
|
766 ind2rgb ({\it img}, {\it map})&convert indexed image to RGB\cr |
|
|
767 loadimage ({\it file})&load an image file\cr |
|
|
768 rgb2ind ({\it r}, {\it g}, {\it b})&convert RGB to Octave image\cr |
|
|
769 \omit\tt saveimage ({\it file}, {\it img}, {\it fmt}, {\it map})\quad\rm |
|
|
770 save a matrix to {\it file}\span\cr |
|
|
771 \endsec |
|
|
772 |
|
|
773 \altsec Sets; |
|
|
774 create\_set ({\it a}, {\it b})&create row vector of unique values\cr |
|
|
775 complement ({\it a}, {\it b})&elements of {\it b} not in {\it a}\cr |
|
|
776 intersection ({\it a}, {\it b})&intersection of sets {\it a} and {\it b}\cr |
|
|
777 union ({\it a}, {\it b})&union of sets {\it a} and {\it b}\cr |
|
|
778 \endsec |
|
|
779 |
|
|
780 \altsec Strings; |
|
|
781 strcmp ({\it s}, {\it t})&compare strings\cr |
|
|
782 strcat ({\it s}, {\it t}, ...)&concatenate strings\cr |
|
|
783 \endsec |
|
|
784 |
|
|
785 \vfill\eject |
|
|
786 |
|
|
787 \altsec C-style Input and Output; |
|
|
788 fopen ({\it name}, {\it mode})&open file {\it name}\cr |
|
|
789 fclose ({\it file})&close {\it file}\cr |
|
|
790 printf ({\it fmt}, ...)&formatted output to {\tt stdout}\cr |
|
|
791 fprintf ({\it file}, {\it fmt}, ...)&formatted output to {\it file}\cr |
|
|
792 sprintf ({\it fmt}, ...)&formatted output to string\cr |
|
|
793 scanf ({\it fmt})&formatted input from {\tt stdin}\cr |
|
|
794 fscanf ({\it file}, {\it fmt})&formatted input from {\it file}\cr |
|
|
795 sscanf ({\it str}, {\it fmt})&formatted input from {\it string}\cr |
|
|
796 fgets ({\it file}, {\it len})&read {\it len\/} characters from {\it file\/}\cr |
|
|
797 fflush ({\it file})&flush pending output to {\it file}\cr |
|
|
798 ftell ({\it file})&return file pointer position\cr |
|
|
799 frewind ({\it file})&move file pointer to beginning\cr |
|
|
800 freport&print a info for open files\cr |
|
|
801 fread ({\it file}, {\it size}, {\it prec})&read binary data files\cr |
|
|
802 fwrite ({\it file}, {\it size}, {\it prec})&write binary data files\cr |
|
|
803 feof ({\it file})&determine if pointer is at EOF\cr |
|
|
804 \omit \vbox{\rm\vskip0.75ex |
|
|
805 A file may be referenced either by name or by the number returned |
|
|
806 from {\tt fopen}. Three files are preconnected when Octave starts: |
|
|
807 {\tt stdin}, {\tt stdout}, and {\tt stderr}.\vskip0.75ex}\span\cr |
|
|
808 \endsec |
|
|
809 |
|
|
810 \sec Other Input and Output functions; |
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811 save {\it file} {\it var} ...&save variables in {\it file}\cr |
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812 load {\it file}&load variables from {\it file}\cr |
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813 disp ({\it var})&display value of {\it var} to screen\cr |
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814 \endsec |
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815 |
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816 \sec Miscellaneous Functions; |
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817 eval ({\it str})&evaluate {\it str} as a command\cr |
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818 feval ({\it str}, ...)&evaluate function named by {\it str}, |
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819 passing remaining args to called function\cr\cr |
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820 error ({\it message})&print message and return to top level\cr\cr |
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821 clear {\it pattern}&clear variables matching pattern\cr |
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822 exist ({\it str})&check existence of variable or function\cr |
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823 who&list current variables\cr |
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824 \endsec |
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825 |
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826 \sec Polynomials; |
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827 compan ({\it p})&companion matrix\cr |
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828 conv ({\it a}, {\it b})&convolution\cr |
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|
829 deconv ({\it a}, {\it b})&deconvolve two vectors\cr |
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|
830 poly ({\it a})&create polynomial from a matrix\cr |
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|
831 polyderiv ({\it p})&derivative of polynomial\cr |
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|
832 polyreduce ({\it p})&integral of polynomial\cr |
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|
833 polyval ({\it p}, {\it x})&value of polynomial at {\it x}\cr |
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|
834 polyvalm ({\it p}, {\it x})&value of polynomial at {\it x}\cr |
|
|
835 roots ({\it p})&polynomial roots\cr |
|
|
836 residue ({\it a}, {\it b})&partial fraction expansion of |
|
|
837 ratio {\it a}/{\it b}\cr |
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838 \endsec |
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839 |
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840 \sec Statistics; |
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|
841 corrcoef ({\it x}, {\it y})&correlation coefficient\cr |
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|
842 cov ({\it x}, {\it y})&covariance\cr |
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|
843 mean ({\it a})&mean value\cr |
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|
844 median ({\it a})&median value\cr |
|
|
845 std ({\it a})&standard deviation\cr |
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|
846 var ({\it a})&variance\cr |
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|
847 \endsec |
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848 |
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849 \vfill\eject |
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850 |
|
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|
851 \sec Plotting Functions; |
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|
852 plot ({\it args})&2D plot with linear axes\cr |
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|
853 plot3 ({\it args})&3D plot with linear axes\cr |
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|
854 line ({\it args})&2D or 3D line\cr |
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2333
|
855 semilogx ({\it args})&2D plot with logarithmic x-axis\cr |
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|
856 semilogy ({\it args})&2D plot with logarithmic y-axis\cr |
|
|
857 loglog ({\it args})&2D plot with logarithmic axes\cr |
|
|
858 bar ({\it args})&plot bar charts\cr |
|
|
859 stairs ({\it x}, {\it y})&plot stairsteps\cr |
|
|
860 hist ({\it y}, {\it x})&plot histograms\cr\cr |
|
|
861 title ({\it string})&set plot title\cr\cr |
|
|
862 axis ({\it limits})&set axis ranges\cr |
|
|
863 xlabel ({\it string})&set x-axis label\cr |
|
|
864 ylabel ({\it string})&set y-axis label\cr |
|
6548
|
865 zlabel ({\it string})&set z-axis label\cr |
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|
866 legend ({\it string})&set label in plot key\cr |
|
2333
|
867 grid \opt{on$|$off}&set grid state\cr |
|
|
868 hold \opt{on$|$off}&set hold state\cr |
|
|
869 ishold&return 1 if hold is on, 0 otherwise\cr\cr |
|
|
870 mesh ({\it x}, {\it y}, {\it z})&plot 3D surface\cr |
|
|
871 meshdom ({\it x}, {\it y})&create mesh coordinate matrices\cr |
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|
872 \endsec |
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873 |
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|
874 \vskip 0pt plus 2fill |
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|
875 \hrule width \hsize |
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|
876 \par\vskip10pt |
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|
877 {\smrm\parskip=6pt |
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878 Edition \refcardedition for Octave Version \octaveversion. Copyright |
|
6548
|
879 1996, 2007, John W. Eaton |
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|
880 (jwe@bevo.che.wisc.edu). The author assumes no responsibility for any |
|
2333
|
881 errors on this card. |
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882 |
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883 This card may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU |
|
|
884 General Public License. |
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885 |
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|
886 \TeX{} Macros for this card by Roland Pesch (pesch@cygnus.com), |
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|
887 originally for the GDB reference card |
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888 |
|
|
889 Octave itself is free software; you are welcome to distribute copies of |
|
|
890 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. There is |
|
|
891 absolutely no warranty for Octave. |
|
|
892 } |
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893 |
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|
894 \end |
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895 |
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896 % For AUCTeX: |
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897 % |
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898 % Local Variables: |
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899 % mode: tex |
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900 % TeX-master: t |
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901 % End: |
