Mercurial > octave-nkf
annotate doc/interpreter/basics.txi @ 19628:fe689210525c gui-release
maint: Periodic merge of stable to gui-release.
| author | John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Tue, 20 Jan 2015 10:05:42 -0500 |
| parents | 5971c8f515a7 446c46af4b42 |
| children | 0e1f5a750d00 |
| rev | line source |
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1 @c Copyright (C) 1996-2013 John W. Eaton |
| 7018 | 2 @c |
| 3 @c This file is part of Octave. | |
| 4 @c | |
| 5 @c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
| 6 @c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the | |
| 7 @c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at | |
| 8 @c your option) any later version. | |
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9 @c |
| 7018 | 10 @c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT |
| 11 @c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or | |
| 12 @c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License | |
| 13 @c for more details. | |
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14 @c |
| 7018 | 15 @c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
| 16 @c along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see | |
| 17 @c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | |
| 3294 | 18 |
| 4167 | 19 @node Getting Started |
| 3294 | 20 @chapter Getting Started |
| 21 | |
| 22 This chapter explains some of Octave's basic features, including how to | |
| 23 start an Octave session, get help at the command prompt, edit the | |
| 24 command line, and write Octave programs that can be executed as commands | |
| 25 from your shell. | |
| 26 | |
| 27 @menu | |
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28 * Invoking Octave from the Command Line:: |
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29 * Quitting Octave:: |
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30 * Getting Help:: |
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31 * Command Line Editing:: |
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32 * Errors:: |
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33 * Executable Octave Programs:: |
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34 * Comments:: |
| 3294 | 35 @end menu |
| 36 | |
| 6620 | 37 @node Invoking Octave from the Command Line |
| 38 @section Invoking Octave from the Command Line | |
| 3294 | 39 |
| 40 Normally, Octave is used interactively by running the program | |
| 41 @samp{octave} without any arguments. Once started, Octave reads | |
| 42 commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit. | |
| 43 | |
| 44 You can also specify the name of a file on the command line, and Octave | |
| 45 will read and execute the commands from the named file and then exit | |
| 46 when it is finished. | |
| 47 | |
| 48 You can further control how Octave starts by using the command-line | |
| 49 options described in the next section, and Octave itself can remind you | |
| 50 of the options available. Type @samp{octave --help} to display all | |
| 51 available options and briefly describe their use (@samp{octave -h} is a | |
| 52 shorter equivalent). | |
| 53 | |
| 54 @menu | |
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55 * Command Line Options:: |
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56 * Startup Files:: |
| 3294 | 57 @end menu |
| 58 | |
| 4167 | 59 @node Command Line Options |
| 3294 | 60 @subsection Command Line Options |
| 61 @cindex Octave command options | |
| 62 @cindex command options | |
| 63 @cindex options, Octave command | |
| 64 | |
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65 Here is a complete list of the command line options that Octave |
| 3294 | 66 accepts. |
| 67 | |
| 6620 | 68 |
| 3294 | 69 @table @code |
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70 |
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71 @item --built-in-docstrings-file @var{filename} |
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72 @cindex @code{--built-in-docstrings-file @var{filename}} |
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73 Specify the name of the file containing documentation strings for the |
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74 built-in functions of Octave. This value is normally correct and should |
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75 only need to specified in extraordinary situations. |
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76 |
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77 @item --debug |
| 3294 | 78 @itemx -d |
| 79 @cindex @code{--debug} | |
| 80 @cindex @code{-d} | |
| 81 Enter parser debugging mode. Using this option will cause Octave's | |
| 82 parser to print a lot of information about the commands it reads, and is | |
| 83 probably only useful if you are actually trying to debug the parser. | |
| 84 | |
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85 @item --debug-jit |
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86 @cindex @code{--debug-jit} |
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87 Enable JIT compiler debugging and tracing. |
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88 |
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89 @item --doc-cache-file @var{filename} |
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90 @cindex @code{--doc-cache-file @var{filename}} |
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91 Specify the name of the doc cache file to use. The value of @var{filename} |
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92 specified on the command line will override any value of |
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93 @w{@env{OCTAVE_DOC_CACHE_FILE}} found in the environment, but not any commands |
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94 in the system or user startup files that use the @code{doc_cache_file} |
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95 function. |
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96 |
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97 @item --echo-commands |
| 3294 | 98 @itemx -x |
| 99 @cindex @code{--echo-commands} | |
| 100 @cindex @code{-x} | |
| 101 Echo commands as they are executed. | |
| 102 | |
| 5190 | 103 @item --eval @var{code} |
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104 Evaluate @var{code} and exit when finished unless @option{--persist} is also |
| 5190 | 105 specified. |
| 106 | |
| 3294 | 107 @item --exec-path @var{path} |
| 108 @cindex @code{--exec-path @var{path}} | |
| 109 Specify the path to search for programs to run. The value of @var{path} | |
| 110 specified on the command line will override any value of | |
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111 @w{@env{OCTAVE_EXEC_PATH}} found in the environment, but not any commands |
| 3294 | 112 in the system or user startup files that set the built-in variable |
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113 @w{@env{EXEC_PATH}}. |
| 3294 | 114 |
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115 @item --force-gui |
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116 @cindex @code{--force-gui} |
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117 Force the graphical user interface (GUI) to start. |
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118 |
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119 @item --help |
| 3294 | 120 @itemx -h |
| 121 @itemx -? | |
| 122 @cindex @code{--help} | |
| 123 @cindex @code{-h} | |
| 124 @cindex @code{-?} | |
| 125 Print short help message and exit. | |
| 126 | |
| 6620 | 127 @item --image-path @var{path} |
| 128 @cindex @code{--image-path @var{path}} | |
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129 Add path to the head of the search path for images. The value of |
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130 @var{path} specified on the command line will override any value of |
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131 @w{@env{OCTAVE_IMAGE_PATH}} found in the environment, but not any commands |
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132 in the system or user startup files that set the built-in variable |
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133 @w{@env{IMAGE_PATH}}. |
| 6620 | 134 |
| 3294 | 135 @item --info-file @var{filename} |
| 136 @cindex @code{--info-file @var{filename}} | |
| 137 Specify the name of the info file to use. The value of @var{filename} | |
| 138 specified on the command line will override any value of | |
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139 @w{@env{OCTAVE_INFO_FILE}} found in the environment, but not any commands |
| 6653 | 140 in the system or user startup files that use the @code{info_file} |
| 6477 | 141 function. |
| 3294 | 142 |
| 143 @item --info-program @var{program} | |
| 144 @cindex @code{--info-program @var{program}} | |
| 145 Specify the name of the info program to use. The value of @var{program} | |
| 146 specified on the command line will override any value of | |
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147 @w{@env{OCTAVE_INFO_PROGRAM}} found in the environment, but not any |
| 6477 | 148 commands in the system or user startup files that use the |
| 149 @code{info_program} function. | |
| 3294 | 150 |
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151 @item --interactive |
| 3294 | 152 @itemx -i |
| 153 @cindex @code{--interactive} | |
| 154 @cindex @code{-i} | |
| 155 Force interactive behavior. This can be useful for running Octave via a | |
| 156 remote shell command or inside an Emacs shell buffer. For another way | |
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157 to run Octave within Emacs, @pxref{Emacs Octave Support}. |
| 3294 | 158 |
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159 @item --jit-compiler |
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160 @cindex @code{--jit-compiler} |
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161 Enable the JIT compiler used for accelerating loops. |
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162 |
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163 @item --line-editing |
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164 @cindex @code{--line-editing} |
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165 Force readline use for command-line editing. |
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166 |
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167 @item --no-gui |
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168 @cindex @code{--no-gui} |
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169 Disable the graphical user interface (GUI) and use the command line |
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170 interface (CLI) instead. |
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171 |
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172 @item --no-history |
| 3428 | 173 @itemx -H |
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174 @cindex @code{--no-history} |
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175 @cindex @code{-H} |
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176 Disable recording of command-line history. |
| 3428 | 177 |
| 3294 | 178 @item --no-init-file |
| 179 @cindex @code{--no-init-file} | |
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180 Don't read the initialization files @file{~/.octaverc} and @file{.octaverc}. |
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181 |
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182 @item --no-init-path |
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183 @cindex @code{--no-init-path} |
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184 Don't initialize the search path for function files to include default |
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185 locations. |
| 3294 | 186 |
| 187 @item --no-line-editing | |
| 188 @cindex @code{--no-line-editing} | |
| 189 Disable command-line editing. | |
| 190 | |
| 191 @item --no-site-file | |
| 192 @cindex @code{--no-site-file} | |
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193 Don't read the site-wide @file{octaverc} initialization files. |
| 3294 | 194 |
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195 @item --no-window-system |
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196 @itemx -W |
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197 @cindex @code{--no-window-system} |
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198 Disable use of a windowing system including graphics. This forces a |
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199 strictly terminal-only environment. |
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200 |
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201 @item --norc |
| 3294 | 202 @itemx -f |
| 203 @cindex @code{--norc} | |
| 204 @cindex @code{-f} | |
| 205 Don't read any of the system or user initialization files at startup. | |
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206 This is equivalent to using both of the options @option{--no-init-file} |
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207 and @option{--no-site-file}. |
| 3294 | 208 |
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209 @item --path @var{path} |
| 3294 | 210 @itemx -p @var{path} |
| 211 @cindex @code{--path @var{path}} | |
| 212 @cindex @code{-p @var{path}} | |
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213 Add path to the head of the search path for function files. The |
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214 value of @var{path} specified on the command line will override any value |
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215 of @w{@env{OCTAVE_PATH}} found in the environment, but not any commands in the |
| 6643 | 216 system or user startup files that set the internal load path through one |
| 217 of the path functions. | |
| 3294 | 218 |
| 5190 | 219 @item --persist |
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220 @cindex @code{--persist} |
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221 Go to interactive mode after @option{--eval} or reading from a file |
| 5190 | 222 named on the command line. |
| 223 | |
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224 @item --silent |
| 3294 | 225 @itemx --quiet |
| 226 @itemx -q | |
| 227 @cindex @code{--silent} | |
| 228 @cindex @code{--quiet} | |
| 229 @cindex @code{-q} | |
| 230 Don't print the usual greeting and version message at startup. | |
| 231 | |
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232 @item --texi-macros-file @var{filename} |
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233 @cindex @code{--texi-macros-file @var{filename}} |
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234 Specify the name of the file containing Texinfo macros for use by makeinfo. |
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235 |
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236 @item --traditional |
| 3294 | 237 @itemx --braindead |
| 238 @cindex @code{--traditional} | |
| 239 @cindex @code{--braindead} | |
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240 For compatibility with @sc{matlab}, set initial values for |
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241 user preferences to the following values |
| 3294 | 242 |
| 243 @example | |
| 4455 | 244 @group |
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245 PS1 = ">> " |
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246 PS2 = "" |
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247 beep_on_error = true |
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248 confirm_recursive_rmdir = false |
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249 crash_dumps_octave_core = false |
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250 save_default_options = "-mat-binary" |
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251 fixed_point_format = true |
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252 history_timestamp_format_string = "%%-- %D %I:%M %p --%%" |
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253 page_screen_output = false |
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254 print_empty_dimensions = false |
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255 struct_levels_to_print = 0 |
| 6556 | 256 @end group |
| 257 @end example | |
| 258 | |
| 259 @noindent | |
| 260 and disable the following warnings | |
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261 |
| 6556 | 262 @example |
| 263 @group | |
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264 Octave:abbreviated-property-match |
| 7031 | 265 Octave:fopen-file-in-path |
| 266 Octave:function-name-clash | |
| 267 Octave:load-file-in-path | |
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268 Octave:possible-matlab-short-circuit-operator |
| 4455 | 269 @end group |
| 3294 | 270 @end example |
| 271 | |
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272 @noindent |
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273 Note that this does not enable the @code{Octave:matlab-incompatible} |
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274 warning, which you might want if you want to be told about writing code |
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275 that works in Octave but not @sc{matlab} (@pxref{XREFwarning,,warning}, |
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276 @ref{XREFwarning_ids,,warning_ids}). |
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277 |
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278 @item --verbose |
| 3294 | 279 @itemx -V |
| 280 @cindex @code{--verbose} | |
| 281 @cindex @code{-V} | |
| 282 Turn on verbose output. | |
| 283 | |
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284 @item --version |
| 3294 | 285 @itemx -v |
| 286 @cindex @code{--version} | |
| 287 @cindex @code{-v} | |
| 288 Print the program version number and exit. | |
| 289 | |
| 290 @item @var{file} | |
| 5190 | 291 Execute commands from @var{file}. Exit when done unless |
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292 @option{--persist} is also specified. |
| 3294 | 293 @end table |
| 294 | |
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295 Octave also includes several functions which return information |
| 3294 | 296 about the command line, including the number of arguments and all of the |
| 297 options. | |
| 298 | |
| 3332 | 299 @DOCSTRING(argv) |
| 3294 | 300 |
| 6550 | 301 @DOCSTRING(program_name) |
| 302 | |
| 3332 | 303 @DOCSTRING(program_invocation_name) |
| 3294 | 304 |
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305 Here is an example of using these functions to reproduce the command |
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306 line which invoked Octave. |
| 3294 | 307 |
| 308 @example | |
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309 @group |
| 6479 | 310 printf ("%s", program_name ()); |
| 6620 | 311 arg_list = argv (); |
| 3294 | 312 for i = 1:nargin |
| 6479 | 313 printf (" %s", arg_list@{i@}); |
| 3294 | 314 endfor |
| 315 printf ("\n"); | |
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316 @end group |
| 3294 | 317 @end example |
| 318 | |
| 319 @noindent | |
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320 @xref{Indexing Cell Arrays}, for an explanation of how to retrieve objects |
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321 from cell arrays, and @ref{Defining Functions}, for information about the |
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322 variable @code{nargin}. |
| 3294 | 323 |
| 4167 | 324 @node Startup Files |
| 3294 | 325 @subsection Startup Files |
| 326 @cindex initialization | |
| 327 @cindex startup | |
| 328 | |
| 6620 | 329 When Octave starts, it looks for commands to execute from the files in |
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330 the following list. These files may contain any valid Octave commands, |
| 6620 | 331 including function definitions. |
| 3294 | 332 |
| 333 @cindex startup files | |
| 334 | |
| 335 @table @code | |
| 336 @item @var{octave-home}/share/octave/site/m/startup/octaverc | |
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337 @cindex site startup file |
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338 where @var{octave-home} is the directory in which Octave is installed |
| 9906 | 339 (the default is @file{/usr/local}). |
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340 This file is provided so that changes to the default Octave environment |
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341 can be made globally for all users at your site for all versions of Octave |
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342 you have installed. Care should be taken when making changes to this file |
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343 since all users of Octave at your site will be affected. The default file |
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344 may be overridden by the environment variable @w{@env{OCTAVE_SITE_INITFILE}}. |
| 3294 | 345 |
| 346 @item @var{octave-home}/share/octave/@var{version}/m/startup/octaverc | |
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347 @cindex version startup file |
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348 where @var{octave-home} is the directory in which Octave is |
| 9906 | 349 installed (the default is @file{/usr/local}), and @var{version} |
| 3294 | 350 is the version number of Octave. This file is provided so that changes |
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351 to the default Octave environment can be made globally for all users of |
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352 a particular version of Octave. Care should be taken when making |
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353 changes to this file since all users of Octave at your site will be |
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354 affected. The default file may be overridden by the environment variable |
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355 @w{@env{OCTAVE_VERSION_INITFILE}}. |
| 3294 | 356 |
| 357 @item ~/.octaverc | |
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358 @cindex personal startup file |
| 3294 | 359 @cindex @code{~/.octaverc} |
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360 This file is used to make personal changes to the default |
| 3294 | 361 Octave environment. |
| 362 | |
| 363 @item .octaverc | |
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364 @cindex project startup file |
| 3294 | 365 @cindex @code{.octaverc} |
| 366 This file can be used to make changes to the default Octave environment | |
| 367 for a particular project. Octave searches for this file in the current | |
| 368 directory after it reads @file{~/.octaverc}. Any use of the @code{cd} | |
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369 command in the @file{~/.octaverc} file will affect the directory where |
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370 Octave searches for @file{.octaverc}. |
| 3294 | 371 |
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372 If you start Octave in your home directory, commands from the file |
| 3294 | 373 @file{~/.octaverc} will only be executed once. |
| 374 @end table | |
| 375 | |
| 376 A message will be displayed as each of the startup files is read if you | |
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377 invoke Octave with the @option{--verbose} option but without the |
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378 @option{--silent} option. |
| 3294 | 379 |
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380 The @code{dump_prefs} function is useful for determining what customizations |
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381 to Octave are possible and which are in effect. |
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382 |
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383 @DOCSTRING(dump_prefs) |
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384 |
| 4167 | 385 @node Quitting Octave |
| 3294 | 386 @section Quitting Octave |
| 387 @cindex exiting octave | |
| 388 @cindex quitting octave | |
| 389 | |
| 3332 | 390 @DOCSTRING(quit) |
| 3294 | 391 |
| 3332 | 392 @DOCSTRING(atexit) |
| 3294 | 393 |
| 4167 | 394 @node Getting Help |
| 3294 | 395 @section Commands for Getting Help |
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396 @cindex online help |
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397 @cindex help, online |
| 3294 | 398 |
| 399 The entire text of this manual is available from the Octave prompt | |
| 6620 | 400 via the command @kbd{doc}. In addition, the documentation for |
| 3294 | 401 individual user-written functions and variables is also available via |
| 402 the @kbd{help} command. This section describes the commands used for | |
| 403 reading the manual and the documentation strings for user-supplied | |
| 404 functions and variables. @xref{Function Files}, for more information | |
| 405 about how to document the functions you write. | |
| 406 | |
| 3332 | 407 @DOCSTRING(help) |
| 3294 | 408 |
| 6549 | 409 @DOCSTRING(doc) |
| 410 | |
| 411 @DOCSTRING(lookfor) | |
| 412 | |
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413 To see what is new in the current release of Octave, use the @code{news} |
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414 function. |
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415 |
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416 @DOCSTRING(news) |
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417 |
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418 @DOCSTRING(info) |
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419 |
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420 @DOCSTRING(warranty) |
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421 |
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422 The following functions can be used to change which programs are used |
| 6620 | 423 for displaying the documentation, and where the documentation can be |
| 424 found. | |
| 3294 | 425 |
| 6477 | 426 @DOCSTRING(info_file) |
| 3294 | 427 |
| 6477 | 428 @DOCSTRING(info_program) |
| 3294 | 429 |
| 6477 | 430 @DOCSTRING(makeinfo_program) |
| 3686 | 431 |
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432 @DOCSTRING(texi_macros_file) |
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433 |
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434 @DOCSTRING(doc_cache_file) |
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435 |
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436 @DOCSTRING(built_in_docstrings_file) |
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437 |
| 3332 | 438 @DOCSTRING(suppress_verbose_help_message) |
| 3294 | 439 |
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440 The following functions are principally used internally by Octave for |
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441 generating the documentation. They are documented here for completeness |
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442 and because they may occasionally be useful for users. |
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443 |
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444 @DOCSTRING(doc_cache_create) |
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445 |
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446 @DOCSTRING(get_help_text) |
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447 |
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448 @DOCSTRING(get_help_text_from_file) |
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449 |
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450 @DOCSTRING(get_first_help_sentence) |
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451 |
| 4167 | 452 @node Command Line Editing |
| 3294 | 453 @section Command Line Editing |
| 454 @cindex command-line editing | |
| 455 @cindex editing the command line | |
| 456 | |
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457 Octave uses the GNU Readline library to provide an extensive set of |
| 3294 | 458 command-line editing and history features. Only the most common |
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459 features are described in this manual. In addition, all of the editing |
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460 functions can be bound to different key strokes at the user's discretion. |
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461 This manual assumes no changes from the default Emacs bindings. See the GNU |
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462 Readline Library manual for more information on customizing Readline and |
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463 for a complete feature list. |
| 3294 | 464 |
| 465 To insert printing characters (letters, digits, symbols, etc.), simply | |
| 466 type the character. Octave will insert the character at the cursor and | |
| 467 advance the cursor forward. | |
| 468 | |
| 469 Many of the command-line editing functions operate using control | |
| 470 characters. For example, the character @kbd{Control-a} moves the cursor | |
| 471 to the beginning of the line. To type @kbd{C-a}, hold down @key{CTRL} | |
| 472 and then press @key{a}. In the following sections, control characters | |
| 473 such as @kbd{Control-a} are written as @kbd{C-a}. | |
| 474 | |
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475 Another set of command-line editing functions use Meta characters. To |
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476 type @kbd{M-u}, hold down the @key{META} key and press @key{u}. Depending |
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477 on the keyboard, the @key{META} key may be labeled @key{ALT} or |
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478 even @key{WINDOWS}. If your terminal does not have a @key{META} key, you |
| 7001 | 479 can still type Meta characters using two-character sequences starting |
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480 with @kbd{ESC}. Thus, to enter @kbd{M-u}, you would type |
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481 @key{ESC} @key{u}. The @kbd{ESC} character sequences are also allowed on |
| 3294 | 482 terminals with real Meta keys. In the following sections, Meta |
| 483 characters such as @kbd{Meta-u} are written as @kbd{M-u}. | |
| 484 | |
| 3428 | 485 |
| 3294 | 486 @menu |
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487 * Cursor Motion:: |
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488 * Killing and Yanking:: |
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489 * Commands For Text:: |
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490 * Commands For Completion:: |
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491 * Commands For History:: |
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492 * Customizing readline:: |
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493 * Customizing the Prompt:: |
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494 * Diary and Echo Commands:: |
| 3294 | 495 @end menu |
| 496 | |
| 4167 | 497 @node Cursor Motion |
| 3294 | 498 @subsection Cursor Motion |
| 499 | |
| 500 The following commands allow you to position the cursor. | |
| 501 | |
| 502 @table @kbd | |
| 503 @item C-b | |
| 504 Move back one character. | |
| 505 | |
| 506 @item C-f | |
| 507 Move forward one character. | |
| 508 | |
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509 @item @key{BACKSPACE} |
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510 Delete the character to the left of the cursor. |
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511 |
| 3294 | 512 @item @key{DEL} |
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513 Delete the character underneath the cursor. |
| 3294 | 514 |
| 515 @item C-d | |
| 516 Delete the character underneath the cursor. | |
| 517 | |
| 518 @item M-f | |
| 519 Move forward a word. | |
| 520 | |
| 521 @item M-b | |
| 522 Move backward a word. | |
| 523 | |
| 524 @item C-a | |
| 525 Move to the start of the line. | |
| 526 | |
| 527 @item C-e | |
| 528 Move to the end of the line. | |
| 529 | |
| 530 @item C-l | |
| 531 Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. | |
| 532 | |
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533 @item C-_ |
| 3294 | 534 @itemx C-/ |
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535 Undo the last action. You can undo all the way back to an empty line. |
| 3294 | 536 |
| 537 @item M-r | |
| 538 Undo all changes made to this line. This is like typing the `undo' | |
| 539 command enough times to get back to the beginning. | |
| 540 @end table | |
| 541 | |
| 542 The above table describes the most basic possible keystrokes that you need | |
| 543 in order to do editing of the input line. On most terminals, you can | |
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544 also use the left and right arrow keys in place of @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} |
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545 to move forward and backward. |
| 3294 | 546 |
| 547 Notice how @kbd{C-f} moves forward a character, while @kbd{M-f} moves | |
| 548 forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes | |
| 549 operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. | |
| 550 | |
| 551 @cindex clearing the screen | |
| 552 | |
| 6620 | 553 The function @code{clc} will allow you to clear the screen from within |
| 554 Octave programs. | |
| 555 | |
| 3332 | 556 @DOCSTRING(clc) |
| 3294 | 557 |
| 4167 | 558 @node Killing and Yanking |
| 3294 | 559 @subsection Killing and Yanking |
| 560 | |
| 561 @dfn{Killing} text means to delete the text from the line, but to save | |
| 562 it away for later use, usually by @dfn{yanking} it back into the line. | |
| 563 If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can | |
| 564 be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) | |
| 565 place later. | |
| 566 | |
| 567 Here is the list of commands for killing text. | |
| 568 | |
| 569 @table @kbd | |
| 570 @item C-k | |
| 571 Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. | |
| 572 | |
| 573 @item M-d | |
| 574 Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between | |
| 575 words, to the end of the next word. | |
| 576 | |
| 577 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
| 578 Kill from the cursor to the start of the previous word, or if between | |
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579 words, to the start of the previous word. |
| 3294 | 580 |
| 581 @item C-w | |
| 582 Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than | |
| 583 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} because the word boundaries differ. | |
| 584 @end table | |
| 585 | |
| 586 And, here is how to @dfn{yank} the text back into the line. Yanking | |
| 587 means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. | |
| 588 | |
| 589 @table @kbd | |
| 590 @item C-y | |
| 591 Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. | |
| 592 | |
| 593 @item M-y | |
| 594 Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if | |
| 595 the prior command is @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{M-y}. | |
| 596 @end table | |
| 597 | |
| 598 When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a @dfn{kill-ring}. | |
| 599 Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so | |
| 600 that when you yank it back, you get it in one clean sweep. The kill | |
| 601 ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously | |
| 602 typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing | |
| 603 another line. | |
| 604 | |
| 4167 | 605 @node Commands For Text |
| 3294 | 606 @subsection Commands For Changing Text |
| 607 | |
| 608 The following commands can be used for entering characters that would | |
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609 otherwise have a special meaning (e.g., @key{TAB}, @kbd{C-q}, etc.), or |
| 3294 | 610 for quickly correcting typing mistakes. |
| 611 | |
| 612 @table @kbd | |
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613 @item C-q |
| 3294 | 614 @itemx C-v |
| 615 Add the next character that you type to the line verbatim. This is | |
| 616 how to insert things like @kbd{C-q} for example. | |
| 617 | |
| 618 @item M-@key{TAB} | |
| 619 Insert a tab character. | |
| 620 | |
| 621 @item C-t | |
| 622 Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at the | |
| 623 cursor, also moving the cursor forward. If the cursor is at the end of | |
| 624 the line, then transpose the two characters before it. | |
| 625 | |
| 626 @item M-t | |
| 627 Drag the word behind the cursor past the word in front of the cursor | |
| 628 moving the cursor over that word as well. | |
| 629 | |
| 630 @item M-u | |
| 631 Uppercase the characters following the cursor to the end of the current | |
| 632 (or following) word, moving the cursor to the end of the word. | |
| 633 | |
| 634 @item M-l | |
| 6620 | 635 Lowercase the characters following the cursor to the end of the current |
| 3294 | 636 (or following) word, moving the cursor to the end of the word. |
| 637 | |
| 638 @item M-c | |
| 639 Uppercase the character following the cursor (or the beginning of the | |
| 640 next word if the cursor is between words), moving the cursor to the end | |
| 641 of the word. | |
| 642 @end table | |
| 643 | |
| 4167 | 644 @node Commands For Completion |
| 3294 | 645 @subsection Letting Readline Type For You |
| 646 @cindex command completion | |
| 647 | |
| 648 The following commands allow Octave to complete command and variable | |
| 649 names for you. | |
| 650 | |
| 651 @table @kbd | |
| 652 @item @key{TAB} | |
| 653 Attempt to do completion on the text before the cursor. Octave can | |
| 654 complete the names of commands and variables. | |
| 655 | |
| 656 @item M-? | |
| 657 List the possible completions of the text before the cursor. | |
| 658 @end table | |
| 659 | |
| 3332 | 660 @DOCSTRING(completion_append_char) |
| 3294 | 661 |
| 3332 | 662 @DOCSTRING(completion_matches) |
| 3294 | 663 |
| 4167 | 664 @node Commands For History |
| 3294 | 665 @subsection Commands For Manipulating The History |
| 666 @cindex command history | |
| 667 @cindex input history | |
| 668 @cindex history of commands | |
| 669 | |
| 670 Octave normally keeps track of the commands you type so that you can | |
| 671 recall previous commands to edit or execute them again. When you exit | |
| 672 Octave, the most recent commands you have typed, up to the number | |
| 673 specified by the variable @code{history_size}, are saved in a file. | |
| 674 When Octave starts, it loads an initial list of commands from the file | |
| 675 named by the variable @code{history_file}. | |
| 676 | |
| 677 Here are the commands for simple browsing and searching the history | |
| 678 list. | |
| 679 | |
| 680 @table @kbd | |
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681 @item @key{LFD} |
| 3294 | 682 @itemx @key{RET} |
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683 Accept the current line regardless of where the cursor is. If the line is |
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684 non-empty, add it to the history list. If the line was a history |
| 3294 | 685 line, then restore the history line to its original state. |
| 686 | |
| 687 @item C-p | |
| 688 Move `up' through the history list. | |
| 689 | |
| 690 @item C-n | |
| 691 Move `down' through the history list. | |
| 692 | |
| 693 @item M-< | |
| 694 Move to the first line in the history. | |
| 695 | |
| 696 @item M-> | |
| 697 Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line you are entering! | |
| 698 | |
| 699 @item C-r | |
| 700 Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through | |
| 701 the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. | |
| 702 | |
| 703 @item C-s | |
| 704 Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through | |
| 705 the history as necessary. | |
| 706 @end table | |
| 707 | |
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708 On most terminals, you can also use the up and down arrow keys in place |
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709 of @kbd{C-p} and @kbd{C-n} to move through the history list. |
| 3294 | 710 |
| 711 In addition to the keyboard commands for moving through the history | |
| 712 list, Octave provides three functions for viewing, editing, and | |
| 713 re-running chunks of commands from the history list. | |
| 714 | |
| 3332 | 715 @DOCSTRING(history) |
| 3294 | 716 |
| 3332 | 717 @DOCSTRING(edit_history) |
| 3294 | 718 |
| 3332 | 719 @DOCSTRING(run_history) |
| 3294 | 720 |
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721 @noindent |
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722 Octave also allows you customize the details of when, where, and how history |
| 6620 | 723 is saved. |
| 3294 | 724 |
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725 @DOCSTRING(history_save) |
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726 |
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727 @DOCSTRING(history_control) |
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728 |
| 3332 | 729 @DOCSTRING(history_file) |
| 3294 | 730 |
| 3332 | 731 @DOCSTRING(history_size) |
| 3294 | 732 |
| 6550 | 733 @DOCSTRING(history_timestamp_format_string) |
| 734 | |
| 6620 | 735 @DOCSTRING(EDITOR) |
| 736 | |
| 4167 | 737 @node Customizing readline |
| 3428 | 738 @subsection Customizing @code{readline} |
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739 @cindex @code{~/.inputrc} |
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740 @cindex customizing @code{readline} |
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741 @cindex @code{readline} customization |
| 3428 | 742 |
|
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743 Octave uses the GNU Readline library for command-line editing and |
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744 history features. Readline is very flexible and can be modified through |
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745 a configuration file of commands (See the GNU Readline library for the |
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746 exact command syntax). The default configuration file is normally |
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747 @file{~/.inputrc}. |
| 6620 | 748 |
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749 Octave provides two commands for initializing Readline and thereby changing |
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750 the command line behavior. |
| 3428 | 751 |
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752 @DOCSTRING(readline_read_init_file) |
| 3428 | 753 |
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754 @DOCSTRING(readline_re_read_init_file) |
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755 |
| 4167 | 756 @node Customizing the Prompt |
| 3294 | 757 @subsection Customizing the Prompt |
| 758 @cindex prompt customization | |
| 759 @cindex customizing the prompt | |
| 760 | |
| 761 The following variables are available for customizing the appearance of | |
| 762 the command-line prompts. Octave allows the prompt to be customized by | |
| 763 inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are | |
| 764 decoded as follows: | |
| 765 | |
| 766 @table @samp | |
| 767 @item \t | |
| 768 The time. | |
| 769 | |
| 770 @item \d | |
| 771 The date. | |
| 772 | |
| 773 @item \n | |
| 774 Begins a new line by printing the equivalent of a carriage return | |
| 775 followed by a line feed. | |
| 776 | |
| 777 @item \s | |
| 778 The name of the program (usually just @samp{octave}). | |
| 779 | |
| 780 @item \w | |
| 781 The current working directory. | |
| 782 | |
| 783 @item \W | |
| 784 The basename of the current working directory. | |
| 785 | |
| 786 @item \u | |
| 787 The username of the current user. | |
| 788 | |
| 789 @item \h | |
| 790 The hostname, up to the first `.'. | |
| 791 | |
| 792 @item \H | |
| 793 The hostname. | |
| 794 | |
| 795 @item \# | |
| 796 The command number of this command, counting from when Octave starts. | |
| 797 | |
| 798 @item \! | |
| 799 The history number of this command. This differs from @samp{\#} by the | |
| 800 number of commands in the history list when Octave starts. | |
| 801 | |
| 802 @item \$ | |
| 803 If the effective UID is 0, a @samp{#}, otherwise a @samp{$}. | |
| 804 | |
| 805 @item \nnn | |
| 806 The character whose character code in octal is @var{nnn}. | |
| 807 | |
| 808 @item \\ | |
| 809 A backslash. | |
| 810 @end table | |
| 811 | |
| 3332 | 812 @DOCSTRING(PS1) |
| 3294 | 813 |
| 3332 | 814 @DOCSTRING(PS2) |
| 3294 | 815 |
| 3332 | 816 @DOCSTRING(PS4) |
| 3294 | 817 |
| 4167 | 818 @node Diary and Echo Commands |
| 3294 | 819 @subsection Diary and Echo Commands |
| 820 @cindex diary of commands and output | |
| 6939 | 821 @cindex command and output logs |
| 3294 | 822 @cindex logging commands and output |
| 823 @cindex echoing executing commands | |
| 824 @cindex command echoing | |
| 825 | |
| 826 Octave's diary feature allows you to keep a log of all or part of an | |
| 827 interactive session by recording the input you type and the output that | |
| 828 Octave produces in a separate file. | |
| 829 | |
| 3332 | 830 @DOCSTRING(diary) |
| 3294 | 831 |
| 832 Sometimes it is useful to see the commands in a function or script as | |
| 833 they are being evaluated. This can be especially helpful for debugging | |
| 834 some kinds of problems. | |
| 835 | |
| 3332 | 836 @DOCSTRING(echo) |
| 3294 | 837 |
| 3332 | 838 @DOCSTRING(echo_executing_commands) |
| 3294 | 839 |
| 4167 | 840 @node Errors |
| 3294 | 841 @section How Octave Reports Errors |
| 842 @cindex error messages | |
| 843 @cindex messages, error | |
| 844 | |
| 845 Octave reports two kinds of errors for invalid programs. | |
| 846 | |
| 847 A @dfn{parse error} occurs if Octave cannot understand something you | |
| 848 have typed. For example, if you misspell a keyword, | |
| 849 | |
| 850 @example | |
|
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851 octave:13> function y = f (x) y = x***2; endfunction |
| 3294 | 852 @end example |
| 853 | |
| 854 @noindent | |
| 855 Octave will respond immediately with a message like this: | |
| 856 | |
| 857 @example | |
|
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858 @group |
| 3294 | 859 parse error: |
| 860 | |
|
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861 syntax error |
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862 |
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863 >>> function y = f (x) y = x***2; endfunction |
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864 ^ |
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865 @end group |
| 3294 | 866 @end example |
| 867 | |
| 868 @noindent | |
| 869 For most parse errors, Octave uses a caret (@samp{^}) to mark the point | |
| 870 on the line where it was unable to make sense of your input. In this | |
|
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871 case, Octave generated an error message because the keyword for |
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872 exponentiation (@code{**}) was misspelled. It marked the error at the |
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873 third @samp{*} because the code leading up to this was correct but the final |
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874 @samp{*} was not understood. |
| 3294 | 875 |
| 876 Another class of error message occurs at evaluation time. These | |
| 877 errors are called @dfn{run-time errors}, or sometimes | |
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878 @dfn{evaluation errors}, because they occur when your program is being |
| 3294 | 879 @dfn{run}, or @dfn{evaluated}. For example, if after correcting the |
| 880 mistake in the previous function definition, you type | |
| 881 | |
| 882 @example | |
| 883 octave:13> f () | |
| 884 @end example | |
| 885 | |
| 886 @noindent | |
| 887 Octave will respond with | |
| 888 | |
|
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889 @example |
| 3294 | 890 @group |
| 891 error: `x' undefined near line 1 column 24 | |
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892 error: called from: |
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893 error: f at line 1, column 22 |
| 3294 | 894 @end group |
|
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895 @end example |
| 3294 | 896 |
| 6620 | 897 @noindent |
|
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898 This error message has several parts, and gives quite a bit of |
| 3294 | 899 information to help you locate the source of the error. The messages |
| 900 are generated from the point of the innermost error, and provide a | |
| 901 traceback of enclosing expressions and function calls. | |
| 902 | |
| 903 In the example above, the first line indicates that a variable named | |
| 904 @samp{x} was found to be undefined near line 1 and column 24 of some | |
| 905 function or expression. For errors occurring within functions, lines | |
| 906 are counted from the beginning of the file containing the function | |
|
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907 definition. For errors occurring outside of an enclosing function, |
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908 the line number indicates the input line number, which is usually displayed |
|
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909 in the primary prompt string. |
| 3294 | 910 |
|
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911 The second and third lines of the error message indicate that the error |
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912 occurred within the function @code{f}. If the function @code{f} had been |
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913 called from within another function, for example, @code{g}, the list of |
|
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914 errors would have ended with one more line: |
| 3294 | 915 |
| 916 @example | |
|
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917 error: g at line 1, column 17 |
| 3294 | 918 @end example |
| 919 | |
|
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920 These lists of function calls make it fairly easy to trace the |
| 3294 | 921 path your program took before the error occurred, and to correct the |
| 922 error before trying again. | |
| 923 | |
| 4167 | 924 @node Executable Octave Programs |
| 3294 | 925 @section Executable Octave Programs |
| 926 @cindex executable scripts | |
| 927 @cindex scripts | |
|
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928 @cindex batch processing |
| 3294 | 929 @cindex self contained programs |
| 930 @cindex program, self contained | |
| 931 @cindex @samp{#!} | |
| 932 | |
| 933 Once you have learned Octave, you may want to write self-contained | |
| 934 Octave scripts, using the @samp{#!} script mechanism. You can do this | |
| 935 on GNU systems and on many Unix systems @footnote{The @samp{#!} | |
| 936 mechanism works on Unix systems derived from Berkeley Unix, System V | |
| 6481 | 937 Release 4, and some System V Release 3 systems.}. |
| 938 | |
| 939 Self-contained Octave scripts are useful when you want to write a | |
| 940 program which users can invoke without knowing that the program is | |
|
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941 written in the Octave language. Octave scripts are also used for batch |
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942 processing of data files. Once an algorithm has been developed and tested |
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943 in the interactive portion of Octave, it can be committed to an executable |
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944 script and used again and again on new data files. |
| 3294 | 945 |
|
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946 As a trivial example of an executable Octave script, you might create a |
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947 text file named @file{hello}, containing the following lines: |
| 3294 | 948 |
| 949 @example | |
| 950 @group | |
| 951 #! @var{octave-interpreter-name} -qf | |
| 952 # a sample Octave program | |
| 953 printf ("Hello, world!\n"); | |
| 954 @end group | |
| 955 @end example | |
| 956 | |
| 957 @noindent | |
| 958 (where @var{octave-interpreter-name} should be replaced with the full | |
|
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959 path and name of your Octave binary). Note that this will only work if |
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960 @samp{#!} appears at the very beginning of the file. After making the |
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961 file executable (with the @code{chmod} command on Unix systems), you can |
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962 simply type: |
| 3294 | 963 |
| 964 @example | |
| 965 hello | |
| 966 @end example | |
| 967 | |
| 968 @noindent | |
| 969 at the shell, and the system will arrange to run Octave as if you had | |
| 970 typed: | |
| 971 | |
| 972 @example | |
| 973 octave hello | |
| 974 @end example | |
| 975 | |
|
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976 The line beginning with @samp{#!} lists the full path and filename of an |
| 3294 | 977 interpreter to be run, and an optional initial command line argument to |
| 978 pass to that interpreter. The operating system then runs the | |
| 979 interpreter with the given argument and the full argument list of the | |
| 980 executed program. The first argument in the list is the full file name | |
|
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981 of the Octave executable. The rest of the argument list will either be |
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982 options to Octave, or data files, or both. The @samp{-qf} options are |
| 3294 | 983 usually specified in stand-alone Octave programs to prevent them from |
| 984 printing the normal startup message, and to keep them from behaving | |
| 985 differently depending on the contents of a particular user's | |
| 6620 | 986 @file{~/.octaverc} file. @xref{Invoking Octave from the Command Line}. |
| 6481 | 987 |
| 988 Note that some operating systems may place a limit on the number of | |
|
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989 characters that are recognized after @samp{#!}. Also, the arguments |
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990 appearing in a @samp{#!} line are parsed differently by various |
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991 shells/systems. The majority of them group all the arguments together in one |
|
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992 string and pass it to the interpreter as a single argument. In this case, the |
| 6481 | 993 following script: |
| 994 | |
| 995 @example | |
| 996 @group | |
| 997 #! @var{octave-interpreter-name} -q -f # comment | |
| 998 @end group | |
| 999 @end example | |
| 1000 | |
| 1001 @noindent | |
|
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1002 is equivalent to typing at the command line: |
| 3294 | 1003 |
| 6481 | 1004 @example |
| 1005 @group | |
| 1006 octave "-q -f # comment" | |
| 1007 @end group | |
| 1008 @end example | |
| 3294 | 1009 |
| 6481 | 1010 @noindent |
|
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1011 which will produce an error message. Unfortunately, it is |
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1012 not possible for Octave to determine whether it has been called from the |
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1013 command line or from a @samp{#!} script, so some care is needed when using the |
| 6481 | 1014 @samp{#!} mechanism. |
| 1015 | |
| 1016 Note that when Octave is started from an executable script, the built-in | |
| 1017 function @code{argv} returns a cell array containing the command line | |
|
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1018 arguments passed to the executable Octave script, not the arguments |
| 6481 | 1019 passed to the Octave interpreter on the @samp{#!} line of the script. |
| 1020 For example, the following program will reproduce the command line that | |
|
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1021 was used to execute the script, not @samp{-qf}. |
| 3294 | 1022 |
| 1023 @example | |
| 1024 @group | |
| 1025 #! /bin/octave -qf | |
| 6479 | 1026 printf ("%s", program_name ()); |
| 6620 | 1027 arg_list = argv (); |
| 3294 | 1028 for i = 1:nargin |
| 6479 | 1029 printf (" %s", arg_list@{i@}); |
| 3294 | 1030 endfor |
| 1031 printf ("\n"); | |
| 1032 @end group | |
| 1033 @end example | |
| 1034 | |
| 4167 | 1035 @node Comments |
| 3294 | 1036 @section Comments in Octave Programs |
| 1037 @cindex comments | |
| 1038 @cindex use of comments | |
| 1039 @cindex documenting Octave programs | |
| 1040 | |
| 1041 A @dfn{comment} is some text that is included in a program for the sake | |
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1042 of human readers, and which is NOT an executable part of the program. |
|
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1043 Comments can explain what the program does, and how it works. Nearly all |
| 3294 | 1044 programming languages have provisions for comments, because programs are |
| 1045 typically hard to understand without them. | |
| 1046 | |
|
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1047 @menu |
|
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1048 * Single Line Comments:: |
|
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1049 * Block Comments:: |
|
17152
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1050 * Comments and the Help System:: |
|
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1051 @end menu |
|
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1052 |
|
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1053 @node Single Line Comments |
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1054 @subsection Single Line Comments |
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1055 @cindex @samp{#} |
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1056 @cindex @samp{%} |
|
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1057 |
| 3294 | 1058 In the Octave language, a comment starts with either the sharp sign |
| 1059 character, @samp{#}, or the percent symbol @samp{%} and continues to the | |
|
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1060 end of the line. Any text following the sharp sign or percent symbol is |
|
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1061 ignored by the Octave interpreter and not executed. The following example |
|
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|
1062 shows whole line and partial line comments. |
|
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1063 |
|
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1064 @example |
|
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1065 @group |
|
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|
1066 function countdown |
|
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1067 # Count down for main rocket engines |
|
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1068 disp (3); |
|
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1069 disp (2); |
|
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1070 disp (1); |
|
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1071 disp ("Blast Off!"); # Rocket leaves pad |
|
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1072 endfunction |
|
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1073 @end group |
|
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1074 @end example |
|
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1075 |
|
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1076 @node Block Comments |
|
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1077 @subsection Block Comments |
|
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1078 @cindex block comments |
|
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1079 @cindex multi-line comments |
|
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1080 @cindex @samp{#@{} |
|
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|
1081 @cindex @samp{%@{} |
| 3294 | 1082 |
|
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1083 Entire blocks of code can be commented by enclosing the code between |
|
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|
1084 matching @samp{#@{} and @samp{#@}} or @samp{%@{} and @samp{%@}} markers. |
|
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|
1085 For example, |
|
10828
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1086 |
|
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|
1087 @example |
|
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|
1088 @group |
|
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|
1089 function quick_countdown |
|
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1090 # Count down for main rocket engines |
|
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|
1091 disp (3); |
|
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1092 #@{ |
|
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1093 disp (2); |
|
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1094 disp (1); |
|
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1095 #@} |
|
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|
1096 disp ("Blast Off!"); # Rocket leaves pad |
|
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1097 endfunction |
|
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1098 @end group |
|
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1099 @end example |
|
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1100 |
|
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1101 @noindent |
|
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1102 will produce a very quick countdown from @qcode{'3'} to @qcode{"Blast Off"} as |
|
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1103 the lines "@code{disp (2);}" and "@code{disp (1);}" won't be executed. |
|
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1104 |
|
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|
1105 The block comment markers must appear alone as the only characters on a line |
|
14038
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|
1106 (excepting whitespace) in order to be parsed correctly. |
|
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1107 |
|
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1108 @node Comments and the Help System |
|
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1109 @subsection Comments and the Help System |
|
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1110 @cindex documenting functions |
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1111 @cindex documenting user scripts |
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1112 @cindex help, user-defined functions |
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1113 |
|
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1114 The @code{help} command (@pxref{Getting Help}) is able to find the first |
|
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1115 block of comments in a function and return those as a documentation |
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1116 string. This means that the same commands used to get help |
|
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1117 on built-in functions are available for properly formatted user-defined |
|
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1118 functions. For example, after defining the function @code{f} below, |
|
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1119 |
| 3294 | 1120 @example |
| 1121 @group | |
| 1122 function xdot = f (x, t) | |
| 1123 | |
| 1124 # usage: f (x, t) | |
| 1125 # | |
|
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1126 # This function defines the right-hand |
| 3294 | 1127 # side functions for a set of nonlinear |
| 1128 # differential equations. | |
| 1129 | |
| 1130 r = 0.25; | |
| 1131 @dots{} | |
| 1132 endfunction | |
| 1133 @end group | |
| 1134 @end example | |
| 1135 | |
|
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1136 @noindent |
| 3294 | 1137 the command @kbd{help f} produces the output |
| 1138 | |
| 1139 @example | |
| 1140 @group | |
| 1141 usage: f (x, t) | |
| 1142 | |
|
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1143 This function defines the right-hand |
| 3294 | 1144 side functions for a set of nonlinear |
| 1145 differential equations. | |
| 1146 @end group | |
| 1147 @end example | |
| 1148 | |
|
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1149 Although it is possible to put comment lines into keyboard-composed, |
|
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1150 throw-away Octave programs, it usually isn't very useful because the |
| 3294 | 1151 purpose of a comment is to help you or another person understand the |
| 1152 program at a later time. | |
| 1153 | |
|
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1154 The @code{help} parser currently only recognizes single line comments |
|
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1155 (@pxref{Single Line Comments}) and not block comments for the initial |
|
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1156 help text. |