annotate liboctave/numeric/randpoisson.cc @ 27919:1891570abac8

update Octave Project Developers copyright for the new year In files that have the "Octave Project Developers" copyright notice, update for 2020.
author John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org>
date Mon, 06 Jan 2020 22:29:51 -0500
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1 /*
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2
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3 Copyright (C) 2006-2020 The Octave Project Developers
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4
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5 See the file COPYRIGHT.md in the top-level directory of this distribution
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6 or <https://octave.org/COPYRIGHT.html/>.
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7
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8
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9 This file is part of Octave.
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10
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11 Octave is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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12 under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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13 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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14 (at your option) any later version.
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15
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16 Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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17 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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18 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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19 GNU General Public License for more details.
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20
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21 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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22 along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, see
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23 <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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24
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25 */
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26
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27 /* Original version written by Paul Kienzle distributed as free
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28 software in the in the public domain. */
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29
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30 #if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H)
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31 # include "config.h"
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32 #endif
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33
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34 #include <cmath>
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35 #include <cstddef>
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36
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37 #include "f77-fcn.h"
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38 #include "lo-error.h"
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39 #include "lo-ieee.h"
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40 #include "randmtzig.h"
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41 #include "randpoisson.h"
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42
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43 namespace octave
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44 {
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45 static double xlgamma (double x)
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46 {
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47 return std::lgamma (x);
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48 }
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49
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50 /* ---- pprsc.c from Stadloeber's winrand --- */
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51
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52 /* flogfak(k) = ln(k!) */
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53 static double flogfak (double k)
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54 {
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55 #define C0 9.18938533204672742e-01
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56 #define C1 8.33333333333333333e-02
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57 #define C3 -2.77777777777777778e-03
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58 #define C5 7.93650793650793651e-04
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59 #define C7 -5.95238095238095238e-04
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60
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61 static double logfak[30L] =
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62 {
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63 0.00000000000000000, 0.00000000000000000, 0.69314718055994531,
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64 1.79175946922805500, 3.17805383034794562, 4.78749174278204599,
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65 6.57925121201010100, 8.52516136106541430, 10.60460290274525023,
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66 12.80182748008146961, 15.10441257307551530, 17.50230784587388584,
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67 19.98721449566188615, 22.55216385312342289, 25.19122118273868150,
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68 27.89927138384089157, 30.67186010608067280, 33.50507345013688888,
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69 36.39544520803305358, 39.33988418719949404, 42.33561646075348503,
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70 45.38013889847690803, 48.47118135183522388, 51.60667556776437357,
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71 54.78472939811231919, 58.00360522298051994, 61.26170176100200198,
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72 64.55753862700633106, 67.88974313718153498, 71.25703896716800901
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73 };
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74
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75 double r, rr;
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76
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77 if (k >= 30.0)
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78 {
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79 r = 1.0 / k;
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80 rr = r * r;
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81 return ((k + 0.5)*std::log (k) - k + C0
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82 + r*(C1 + rr*(C3 + rr*(C5 + rr*C7))));
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83 }
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84 else
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85 return (logfak[static_cast<int> (k)]);
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86 }
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87
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88 /******************************************************************
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89 * *
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90 * Poisson Distribution - Patchwork Rejection/Inversion *
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91 * *
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92 ******************************************************************
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93 * *
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94 * For parameter my < 10, Tabulated Inversion is applied. *
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95 * For my >= 10, Patchwork Rejection is employed: *
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96 * The area below the histogram function f(x) is rearranged in *
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97 * its body by certain point reflections. Within a large center *
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98 * interval variates are sampled efficiently by rejection from *
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99 * uniform hats. Rectangular immediate acceptance regions speed *
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100 * up the generation. The remaining tails are covered by *
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101 * exponential functions. *
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102 * *
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103 ******************************************************************
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104 * *
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105 * FUNCTION : - pprsc samples a random number from the Poisson *
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106 * distribution with parameter my > 0. *
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107 * REFERENCE : - H. Zechner (1994): Efficient sampling from *
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108 * continuous and discrete unimodal distributions, *
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109 * Doctoral Dissertation, 156 pp., Technical *
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110 * University Graz, Austria. *
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111 * SUBPROGRAM : - drand(seed) ... (0,1)-Uniform generator with *
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112 * unsigned long integer *seed. *
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113 * *
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114 * Implemented by H. Zechner, January 1994 *
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115 * Revised by F. Niederl, July 1994 *
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116 * *
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117 ******************************************************************/
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118
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119 static double f (double k, double l_nu, double c_pm)
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120 {
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121 return exp (k * l_nu - flogfak (k) - c_pm);
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122 }
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123
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124 static double pprsc (double my)
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125 {
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126 static double my_last = -1.0;
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127 static double m, k2, k4, k1, k5;
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128 static double dl, dr, r1, r2, r4, r5, ll, lr, l_my, c_pm,
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129 f1, f2, f4, f5, p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6;
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130 double Dk, X, Y;
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131 double Ds, U, V, W;
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132
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133 if (my != my_last)
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134 { /* set-up */
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135 my_last = my;
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136 /* approximate deviation of reflection points k2, k4 from my - 1/2 */
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137 Ds = std::sqrt (my + 0.25);
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138
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139 /* mode m, reflection points k2 and k4, and points k1 and k5, */
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140 /* which delimit the centre region of h(x) */
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141 m = std::floor (my);
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142 k2 = ceil (my - 0.5 - Ds);
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143 k4 = std::floor (my - 0.5 + Ds);
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144 k1 = k2 + k2 - m + 1L;
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145 k5 = k4 + k4 - m;
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146
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147 /* range width of the critical left and right centre region */
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148 dl = (k2 - k1);
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149 dr = (k5 - k4);
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150
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151 /* recurrence constants r(k)=p(k)/p(k-1) at k = k1, k2, k4+1, k5+1 */
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152 r1 = my / k1;
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153 r2 = my / k2;
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154 r4 = my / (k4 + 1.0);
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155 r5 = my / (k5 + 1.0);
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156
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157 /* reciprocal values of the scale parameters of exp. tail envelope */
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158 ll = std::log (r1); /* expon. tail left */
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159 lr = -std::log (r5); /* expon. tail right*/
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160
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161 /* Poisson constants, necessary for computing function values f(k) */
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162 l_my = std::log (my);
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163 c_pm = m * l_my - flogfak (m);
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164
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165 /* function values f(k) = p(k)/p(m) at k = k2, k4, k1, k5 */
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166 f2 = f (k2, l_my, c_pm);
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167 f4 = f (k4, l_my, c_pm);
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168 f1 = f (k1, l_my, c_pm);
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169 f5 = f (k5, l_my, c_pm);
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170
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171 /* area of the two centre and the two exponential tail regions */
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172 /* area of the two immediate acceptance regions between k2, k4 */
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173 p1 = f2 * (dl + 1.0); /* immed. left */
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174 p2 = f2 * dl + p1; /* centre left */
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175 p3 = f4 * (dr + 1.0) + p2; /* immed. right */
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176 p4 = f4 * dr + p3; /* centre right */
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177 p5 = f1 / ll + p4; /* exp. tail left */
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178 p6 = f5 / lr + p5; /* exp. tail right*/
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179 }
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180
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181 for (;;)
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182 {
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183 /* generate uniform number U -- U(0, p6) */
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184 /* case distinction corresponding to U */
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185 if ((U = rand_uniform<double> () * p6) < p2)
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186 { /* centre left */
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187
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188 /* immediate acceptance region
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189 R2 = [k2, m) *[0, f2), X = k2, ... m -1 */
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190 if ((V = U - p1) < 0.0) return (k2 + std::floor (U/f2));
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191 /* immediate acceptance region
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192 R1 = [k1, k2)*[0, f1), X = k1, ... k2-1 */
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193 if ((W = V / dl) < f1 ) return (k1 + std::floor (V/f1));
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194
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195 /* computation of candidate X < k2, and its counterpart Y > k2 */
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196 /* either squeeze-acceptance of X or acceptance-rejection of Y */
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197 Dk = std::floor (dl * rand_uniform<double> ()) + 1.0;
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198 if (W <= f2 - Dk * (f2 - f2/r2))
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199 { /* quick accept of */
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200 return (k2 - Dk); /* X = k2 - Dk */
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201 }
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202 if ((V = f2 + f2 - W) < 1.0)
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203 { /* quick reject of Y*/
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204 Y = k2 + Dk;
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205 if (V <= f2 + Dk * (1.0 - f2)/(dl + 1.0))
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206 { /* quick accept of */
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207 return (Y); /* Y = k2 + Dk */
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208 }
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209 if (V <= f (Y, l_my, c_pm)) return (Y); /* final accept of Y*/
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210 }
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211 X = k2 - Dk;
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212 }
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213 else if (U < p4)
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214 { /* centre right */
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215 /* immediate acceptance region
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216 R3 = [m, k4+1)*[0, f4), X = m, ... k4 */
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217 if ((V = U - p3) < 0.0) return (k4 - std::floor ((U - p2)/f4));
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218 /* immediate acceptance region
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219 R4 = [k4+1, k5+1)*[0, f5) */
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220 if ((W = V / dr) < f5 ) return (k5 - std::floor (V/f5));
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221
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222 /* computation of candidate X > k4, and its counterpart Y < k4 */
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223 /* either squeeze-acceptance of X or acceptance-rejection of Y */
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224 Dk = std::floor (dr * rand_uniform<double> ()) + 1.0;
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225 if (W <= f4 - Dk * (f4 - f4*r4))
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226 { /* quick accept of */
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227 return (k4 + Dk); /* X = k4 + Dk */
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228 }
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229 if ((V = f4 + f4 - W) < 1.0)
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230 { /* quick reject of Y*/
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231 Y = k4 - Dk;
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232 if (V <= f4 + Dk * (1.0 - f4)/ dr)
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233 { /* quick accept of */
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234 return (Y); /* Y = k4 - Dk */
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235 }
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236 if (V <= f (Y, l_my, c_pm)) return (Y); /* final accept of Y*/
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237 }
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238 X = k4 + Dk;
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239 }
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240 else
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241 {
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242 W = rand_uniform<double> ();
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243 if (U < p5)
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244 { /* expon. tail left */
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245 Dk = std::floor (1.0 - std::log (W)/ll);
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246 if ((X = k1 - Dk) < 0L) continue; /* 0 <= X <= k1 - 1 */
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247 W *= (U - p4) * ll; /* W -- U(0, h(x)) */
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248 if (W <= f1 - Dk * (f1 - f1/r1))
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249 return (X); /* quick accept of X*/
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250 }
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251 else
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252 { /* expon. tail right*/
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253 Dk = std::floor (1.0 - std::log (W)/lr);
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254 X = k5 + Dk; /* X >= k5 + 1 */
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255 W *= (U - p5) * lr; /* W -- U(0, h(x)) */
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256 if (W <= f5 - Dk * (f5 - f5*r5))
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257 return (X); /* quick accept of X*/
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258 }
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259 }
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260
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261 /* acceptance-rejection test of candidate X from the original area */
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262 /* test, whether W <= f(k), with W = U*h(x) and U -- U(0, 1)*/
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263 /* log f(X) = (X - m)*log(my) - log X! + log m! */
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264 if (std::log (W) <= X * l_my - flogfak (X) - c_pm) return (X);
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265 }
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266 }
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267 /* ---- pprsc.c end ------ */
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268
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269 /* The remainder of the file is by Paul Kienzle */
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270
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271 /* Table size is predicated on the maximum value of lambda
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272 * we want to store in the table, and the maximum value of
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273 * returned by the uniform random number generator on [0,1).
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274 * With lambda==10 and u_max = 1 - 1/(2^32+1), we
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275 * have poisson_pdf(lambda,36) < 1-u_max. If instead our
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276 * generator uses more bits of mantissa or returns a value
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277 * in the range [0,1], then for lambda==10 we need a table
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278 * size of 46 instead. For long doubles, the table size
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279 * will need to be longer still. */
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280 #define TABLESIZE 46
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281
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282 /* Given uniform u, find x such that CDF(L,x)==u. Return x. */
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283
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284 template <typename T>
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285 static void
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286 poisson_cdf_lookup (double lambda, T *p, size_t n)
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287 {
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288 double t[TABLESIZE];
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289
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290 /* Precompute the table for the u up to and including 0.458.
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291 * We will almost certainly need it. */
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292 int intlambda = static_cast<int> (std::floor (lambda));
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293 double P;
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294 int tableidx;
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295 size_t i = n;
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296
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297 t[0] = P = exp (-lambda);
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298 for (tableidx = 1; tableidx <= intlambda; tableidx++)
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299 {
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300 P = P*lambda/static_cast<double> (tableidx);
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301 t[tableidx] = t[tableidx-1] + P;
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302 }
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303
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304 while (i-- > 0)
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305 {
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306 double u = rand_uniform<double> ();
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307
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308 /* If u > 0.458 we know we can jump to floor(lambda) before
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309 * comparing (this observation is based on Stadlober's winrand
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310 * code). For lambda >= 1, this will be a win. Lambda < 1
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311 * is already fast, so adding an extra comparison is not a
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312 * problem. */
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313 int k = (u > 0.458 ? intlambda : 0);
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314
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315 /* We aren't using a for loop here because when we find the
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316 * right k we want to jump to the next iteration of the
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317 * outer loop, and the continue statement will only work for
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318 * the inner loop. */
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319 nextk:
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320 if (u <= t[k])
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321 {
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322 p[i] = static_cast<T> (k);
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323 continue;
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324 }
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325 if (++k < tableidx)
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326 goto nextk;
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327
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328 /* We only need high values of the table very rarely so we
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329 * don't automatically compute the entire table. */
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330 while (tableidx < TABLESIZE)
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331 {
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332 P = P*lambda/static_cast<double> (tableidx);
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333 t[tableidx] = t[tableidx-1] + P;
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334 /* Make sure we converge to 1.0 just in case u is uniform
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335 * on [0,1] rather than [0,1). */
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336 if (t[tableidx] == t[tableidx-1]) t[tableidx] = 1.0;
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337 tableidx++;
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338 if (u <= t[tableidx-1]) break;
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339 }
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340
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341 /* We are assuming that the table size is big enough here.
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342 * This should be true even if rand_uniform is returning values in
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343 * the range [0,1] rather than [0,1). */
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344 p[i] = static_cast<T> (tableidx-1);
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345 }
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346 }
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347
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348 /* From Press, et al., Numerical Recipes */
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349 template <typename T>
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350 static void
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351 poisson_rejection (double lambda, T *p, size_t n)
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352 {
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353 double sq = std::sqrt (2.0*lambda);
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354 double alxm = std::log (lambda);
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355 double g = lambda*alxm - xlgamma (lambda+1.0);
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356 size_t i;
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357
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358 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
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359 {
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360 double y, em, t;
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361 do
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362 {
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363 do
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364 {
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365 y = tan (M_PI*rand_uniform<double> ());
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366 em = sq * y + lambda;
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367 } while (em < 0.0);
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368 em = std::floor (em);
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369 t = 0.9*(1.0+y*y)*exp (em*alxm-flogfak (em)-g);
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370 } while (rand_uniform<double> () > t);
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371 p[i] = em;
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372 }
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373 }
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374
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375 /* The cutoff of L <= 1e8 in the following two functions before using
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376 * the normal approximation is based on:
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377 * > L=1e8; x=floor(linspace(0,2*L,1000));
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378 * > max(abs(normal_pdf(x,L,L)-poisson_pdf(x,L)))
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379 * ans = 1.1376e-28
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380 * For L=1e7, the max is around 1e-9, which is within the step size of
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381 * rand_uniform. For L>1e10 the pprsc function breaks down, as I saw
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382 * from the histogram of a large sample, so 1e8 is both small enough
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383 * and large enough. */
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diff changeset
384
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385 /* Generate a set of poisson numbers with the same distribution */
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386 template <typename T> void rand_poisson (T L_arg, octave_idx_type n, T *p)
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387 {
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388 double L = L_arg;
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389 octave_idx_type i;
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390 if (L < 0.0 || lo_ieee_isinf (L))
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391 {
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392 for (i=0; i<n; i++)
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393 p[i] = numeric_limits<T>::NaN ();
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394 }
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395 else if (L <= 10.0)
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396 {
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397 poisson_cdf_lookup<T> (L, p, n);
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398 }
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399 else if (L <= 1e8)
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400 {
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401 for (i=0; i<n; i++)
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402 p[i] = pprsc (L);
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403 }
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diff changeset
404 else
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diff changeset
405 {
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406 /* normal approximation: from Phys. Rev. D (1994) v50 p1284 */
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diff changeset
407 const double sqrtL = std::sqrt (L);
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diff changeset
408 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
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diff changeset
409 {
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diff changeset
410 p[i] = std::floor (rand_normal<T> () * sqrtL + L + 0.5);
25433
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411 if (p[i] < 0.0)
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412 p[i] = 0.0; /* will probably never happen */
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413 }
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414 }
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415 }
5742
2cd0af543e7a [project @ 2006-04-06 08:15:49 by jwe]
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416
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417 template void rand_poisson<double> (double, octave_idx_type, double *);
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418 template void rand_poisson<float> (float, octave_idx_type, float *);
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419
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420 /* Generate one poisson variate */
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421 template <typename T> T rand_poisson (T L_arg)
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422 {
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423 double L = L_arg;
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424 T ret;
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425 if (L < 0.0) ret = numeric_limits<T>::NaN ();
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426 else if (L <= 12.0)
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427 {
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428 /* From Press, et al. Numerical recipes */
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429 double g = exp (-L);
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430 int em = -1;
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431 double t = 1.0;
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432 do
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433 {
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434 ++em;
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435 t *= rand_uniform<T> ();
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436 } while (t > g);
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437 ret = em;
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438 }
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439 else if (L <= 1e8)
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440 {
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441 /* numerical recipes */
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442 poisson_rejection<T> (L, &ret, 1);
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443 }
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444 else if (lo_ieee_isinf (L))
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445 {
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446 /* FIXME: R uses NaN, but the normal approximation suggests that
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447 * limit should be Inf. Which is correct? */
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448 ret = numeric_limits<T>::NaN ();
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449 }
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450 else
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451 {
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452 /* normal approximation: from Phys. Rev. D (1994) v50 p1284 */
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453 ret = std::floor (rand_normal<T> () * std::sqrt (L) + L + 0.5);
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454 if (ret < 0.0) ret = 0.0; /* will probably never happen */
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455 }
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456 return ret;
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457 }
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458
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459 template double rand_poisson<double> (double);
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460 template float rand_poisson<float> (float);
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461 }