|
3403
|
1 % Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 John W. Eaton |
|
|
2 % This is part of the Octave manual. |
|
|
3 % For copying conditions, see the file gpl.texi. |
|
|
4 |
|
|
5 \input texinfo |
|
|
6 @setfilename octave.info |
|
|
7 |
|
3405
|
8 @c The following macro is used for the on-line help system, but we don't |
|
|
9 @c want lots of `See also: foo, bar, and baz' strings cluttering the |
|
|
10 @c printed manual (that information should be in the supporting text for |
|
3406
|
11 @c each group of functions and variables). |
|
3405
|
12 |
|
|
13 @macro seealso {args} |
|
|
14 @end macro |
|
|
15 |
|
3403
|
16 @ifinfo |
|
|
17 @format |
|
|
18 START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
|
|
19 * Octave: (octave). Interactive language for numerical computations. |
|
|
20 END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
|
|
21 @end format |
|
|
22 @end ifinfo |
|
|
23 |
|
|
24 @c Settings for printing on 8-1/2 by 11 inch paper: |
|
|
25 @c ----------------------------------------------- |
|
|
26 |
|
|
27 @setchapternewpage odd |
|
|
28 |
|
|
29 @c Settings for small book format: |
|
|
30 @c ------------------------------ |
|
|
31 |
|
|
32 @ignore |
|
|
33 @smallbook |
|
|
34 @setchapternewpage odd |
|
|
35 @finalout |
|
|
36 @iftex |
|
|
37 @cropmarks |
|
|
38 @end iftex |
|
|
39 @end ignore |
|
|
40 |
|
|
41 @defindex op |
|
|
42 |
|
|
43 @c Things like the Octave version number are defined in conf.texi. |
|
|
44 @c This file doesn't include a chapter, so it must not be included |
|
|
45 @c if you want to run the Emacs function texinfo-multiple-files-update. |
|
|
46 |
|
|
47 @include conf.texi |
|
|
48 |
|
|
49 @settitle GNU Octave |
|
|
50 |
|
|
51 @ifinfo |
|
|
52 |
|
|
53 Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 John W. Eaton. |
|
|
54 |
|
|
55 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of |
|
|
56 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice |
|
|
57 are preserved on all copies. |
|
|
58 |
|
|
59 @ignore |
|
|
60 Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the |
|
|
61 results, provided the printed document carries copying permission |
|
|
62 notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph |
|
|
63 (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). |
|
|
64 |
|
|
65 @end ignore |
|
|
66 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of |
|
|
67 this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that |
|
|
68 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of |
|
|
69 a permission notice identical to this one. |
|
|
70 |
|
|
71 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this |
|
|
72 manual into another language, under the above conditions for |
|
|
73 modified versions. |
|
|
74 @end ifinfo |
|
|
75 |
|
|
76 @titlepage |
|
|
77 @title GNU Octave |
|
|
78 @subtitle A high-level interactive language for numerical computations |
|
|
79 @subtitle Edition 3 for Octave version @value{VERSION} |
|
|
80 @subtitle February 1997 |
|
|
81 @author John W. Eaton |
|
|
82 @page |
|
|
83 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll |
|
|
84 Copyright @copyright{} 1996, 1997 John W. Eaton. |
|
|
85 |
|
|
86 This is the third edition of the Octave documentation, and is consistent |
|
|
87 with version @value{VERSION} of Octave. |
|
|
88 |
|
|
89 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of |
|
|
90 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice |
|
|
91 are preserved on all copies. |
|
|
92 |
|
|
93 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this |
|
|
94 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire |
|
|
95 resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission |
|
|
96 notice identical to this one. |
|
|
97 |
|
|
98 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual |
|
|
99 into another language, under the same conditions as for modified versions. |
|
|
100 |
|
|
101 Portions of this document have been adapted from the @code{gawk}, |
|
|
102 @code{readline}, @code{gcc}, and C library manuals, published by the Free |
|
|
103 Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place---Suite 330, Boston, MA |
|
|
104 02111--1307, USA. |
|
|
105 @end titlepage |
|
|
106 |
|
|
107 @ifinfo |
|
|
108 @node Top, Preface, (dir), (dir) |
|
|
109 @top |
|
|
110 |
|
|
111 This manual documents how to run, install and port GNU Octave, as well |
|
|
112 as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to report bugs. |
|
|
113 It corresponds to GNU Octave version @value{VERSION}. |
|
|
114 @end ifinfo |
|
|
115 |
|
|
116 @menu |
|
|
117 * Preface:: |
|
|
118 * Introduction:: A brief introduction to Octave. |
|
|
119 * Getting Started:: |
|
|
120 * Data Types:: |
|
|
121 * Numeric Data Types:: |
|
|
122 * Strings:: |
|
|
123 * Data Structures:: |
|
3439
|
124 * Containers:: |
|
|
125 * I/O Streams:: |
|
3403
|
126 * Variables:: |
|
|
127 * Expressions:: Expressions. |
|
|
128 * Evaluation:: |
|
|
129 * Statements:: Looping and program flow control. |
|
|
130 * Functions and Scripts:: |
|
|
131 * Error Handling:: |
|
|
132 * Input and Output:: |
|
|
133 * Plotting:: |
|
|
134 * Matrix Manipulation:: |
|
|
135 * Arithmetic:: |
|
|
136 * Linear Algebra:: |
|
|
137 * Nonlinear Equations:: |
|
|
138 * Quadrature:: |
|
|
139 * Differential Equations:: |
|
|
140 * Optimization:: |
|
|
141 * Statistics:: |
|
3439
|
142 * Financial Functions:: |
|
3403
|
143 * Sets:: |
|
|
144 * Polynomial Manipulations:: |
|
|
145 * Control Theory:: |
|
|
146 * Signal Processing:: |
|
|
147 * Image Processing:: |
|
|
148 * Audio Processing:: |
|
|
149 * System Utilities:: |
|
|
150 * Tips:: |
|
|
151 * Trouble:: If you have trouble installing Octave. |
|
|
152 * Installation:: How to configure, compile and install Octave. |
|
|
153 * Emacs:: |
|
|
154 * Grammar:: |
|
|
155 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License. |
|
|
156 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. |
|
|
157 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. |
|
|
158 * Function Index:: An item for each documented function. |
|
|
159 * Operator Index:: An item for each documented operator. |
|
|
160 |
|
|
161 |
|
|
162 @detailmenu |
|
|
163 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
|
|
164 |
|
|
165 Preface |
|
|
166 |
|
|
167 * Acknowledgements:: |
|
|
168 * How You Can Contribute to Octave:: |
|
|
169 * Distribution:: |
|
|
170 |
|
|
171 A Brief Introduction to Octave |
|
|
172 |
|
|
173 * Running Octave:: |
|
|
174 * Simple Examples:: |
|
|
175 * Conventions:: |
|
|
176 |
|
|
177 Conventions |
|
|
178 |
|
|
179 * Fonts:: |
|
|
180 * Evaluation Notation:: |
|
|
181 * Printing Notation:: |
|
|
182 * Error Messages:: |
|
|
183 * Format of Descriptions:: |
|
|
184 |
|
|
185 Format of Descriptions |
|
|
186 |
|
|
187 * A Sample Function Description:: |
|
|
188 * A Sample Command Description:: |
|
|
189 * A Sample Variable Description:: |
|
|
190 |
|
|
191 Getting Started |
|
|
192 |
|
|
193 * Invoking Octave:: |
|
|
194 * Quitting Octave:: |
|
|
195 * Getting Help:: |
|
|
196 * Command Line Editing:: |
|
|
197 * Errors:: |
|
|
198 * Executable Octave Programs:: |
|
|
199 * Comments:: |
|
|
200 |
|
|
201 Invoking Octave |
|
|
202 |
|
|
203 * Command Line Options:: |
|
|
204 * Startup Files:: |
|
|
205 |
|
|
206 Command Line Editing |
|
|
207 |
|
|
208 * Cursor Motion:: |
|
|
209 * Killing and Yanking:: |
|
|
210 * Commands For Text:: |
|
|
211 * Commands For Completion:: |
|
|
212 * Commands For History:: |
|
3439
|
213 * Customizing readline:: |
|
3403
|
214 * Customizing the Prompt:: |
|
|
215 * Diary and Echo Commands:: |
|
|
216 |
|
|
217 Data Types |
|
|
218 |
|
|
219 * Built-in Data Types:: |
|
|
220 * User-defined Data Types:: |
|
|
221 * Object Sizes:: |
|
|
222 |
|
|
223 Built-in Data Types |
|
|
224 |
|
|
225 * Numeric Objects:: |
|
|
226 * String Objects:: |
|
|
227 * Data Structure Objects:: |
|
|
228 |
|
|
229 Numeric Data Types |
|
|
230 |
|
|
231 * Matrices:: |
|
|
232 * Ranges:: |
|
3439
|
233 * Logical Values:: |
|
3403
|
234 * Predicates for Numeric Objects:: |
|
|
235 |
|
|
236 Matrices |
|
|
237 |
|
|
238 * Empty Matrices:: |
|
|
239 |
|
|
240 Strings |
|
|
241 |
|
|
242 * Creating Strings:: |
|
|
243 * Searching and Replacing:: |
|
|
244 * String Conversions:: |
|
|
245 * Character Class Functions:: |
|
|
246 |
|
3439
|
247 Containers |
|
|
248 |
|
|
249 * Lists:: |
|
|
250 * Cell Arrays:: |
|
|
251 |
|
3403
|
252 Variables |
|
|
253 |
|
|
254 * Global Variables:: |
|
|
255 * Status of Variables:: |
|
|
256 * Summary of Built-in Variables:: |
|
|
257 * Defaults from the Environment:: |
|
|
258 |
|
|
259 Expressions |
|
|
260 |
|
|
261 * Index Expressions:: |
|
|
262 * Calling Functions:: |
|
|
263 * Arithmetic Ops:: |
|
|
264 * Comparison Ops:: |
|
|
265 * Boolean Expressions:: |
|
|
266 * Assignment Ops:: |
|
|
267 * Increment Ops:: |
|
|
268 * Operator Precedence:: |
|
|
269 |
|
|
270 Calling Functions |
|
|
271 |
|
|
272 * Call by Value:: |
|
|
273 * Recursion:: |
|
|
274 |
|
|
275 Boolean Expressions |
|
|
276 |
|
|
277 * Element-by-element Boolean Operators:: |
|
|
278 * Short-circuit Boolean Operators:: |
|
|
279 |
|
|
280 Statements |
|
|
281 |
|
|
282 * The if Statement:: |
|
|
283 * The switch Statement:: |
|
|
284 * The while Statement:: |
|
|
285 * The for Statement:: |
|
|
286 * The break Statement:: |
|
|
287 * The continue Statement:: |
|
|
288 * The unwind_protect Statement:: |
|
|
289 * The try Statement:: |
|
|
290 * Continuation Lines:: |
|
|
291 |
|
|
292 The @code{for} Statement |
|
|
293 |
|
|
294 * Looping Over Structure Elements:: |
|
|
295 |
|
|
296 Functions and Script Files |
|
|
297 |
|
|
298 * Defining Functions:: |
|
|
299 * Multiple Return Values:: |
|
|
300 * Variable-length Argument Lists:: |
|
|
301 * Variable-length Return Lists:: |
|
|
302 * Returning From a Function:: |
|
|
303 * Function Files:: |
|
|
304 * Script Files:: |
|
|
305 * Dynamically Linked Functions:: |
|
|
306 * Organization of Functions:: |
|
|
307 |
|
|
308 Input and Output |
|
|
309 |
|
|
310 * Basic Input and Output:: |
|
|
311 * C-Style I/O Functions:: |
|
|
312 |
|
|
313 Basic Input and Output |
|
|
314 |
|
|
315 * Terminal Output:: |
|
|
316 * Terminal Input:: |
|
|
317 * Simple File I/O:: |
|
|
318 |
|
|
319 C-Style I/O Functions |
|
|
320 |
|
|
321 * Opening and Closing Files:: |
|
|
322 * Simple Output:: |
|
|
323 * Line-Oriented Input:: |
|
|
324 * Formatted Output:: |
|
|
325 * Output Conversion for Matrices:: |
|
|
326 * Output Conversion Syntax:: |
|
|
327 * Table of Output Conversions:: |
|
|
328 * Integer Conversions:: |
|
|
329 * Floating-Point Conversions:: Other Output Conversions:: |
|
|
330 * Other Output Conversions:: |
|
|
331 * Formatted Input:: |
|
|
332 * Input Conversion Syntax:: |
|
|
333 * Table of Input Conversions:: |
|
|
334 * Numeric Input Conversions:: |
|
|
335 * String Input Conversions:: |
|
|
336 * Binary I/O:: |
|
|
337 * Temporary Files:: |
|
|
338 * EOF and Errors:: |
|
|
339 * File Positioning:: |
|
|
340 |
|
|
341 Plotting |
|
|
342 |
|
|
343 * Two-Dimensional Plotting:: |
|
|
344 * Specialized Two-Dimensional Plots:: |
|
|
345 * Three-Dimensional Plotting:: |
|
|
346 * Plot Annotations:: |
|
|
347 * Multiple Plots on One Page:: |
|
3439
|
348 * Multiple Plot Windows:: |
|
|
349 * Interaction with gnuplot:: |
|
3403
|
350 |
|
|
351 Matrix Manipulation |
|
|
352 |
|
|
353 * Finding Elements and Checking Conditions:: |
|
|
354 * Rearranging Matrices:: |
|
|
355 * Special Utility Matrices:: |
|
|
356 * Famous Matrices:: |
|
|
357 |
|
|
358 Arithmetic |
|
|
359 |
|
|
360 * Utility Functions:: |
|
|
361 * Complex Arithmetic:: |
|
|
362 * Trigonometry:: |
|
|
363 * Sums and Products:: |
|
|
364 * Special Functions:: |
|
|
365 * Mathematical Constants:: |
|
|
366 |
|
|
367 Linear Algebra |
|
|
368 |
|
|
369 * Basic Matrix Functions:: |
|
|
370 * Matrix Factorizations:: |
|
|
371 * Functions of a Matrix:: |
|
|
372 |
|
|
373 Quadrature |
|
|
374 |
|
|
375 * Functions of One Variable:: |
|
|
376 * Orthogonal Collocation:: |
|
|
377 |
|
|
378 Differential Equations |
|
|
379 |
|
|
380 * Ordinary Differential Equations:: |
|
|
381 * Differential-Algebraic Equations:: |
|
|
382 |
|
|
383 Optimization |
|
|
384 |
|
|
385 * Quadratic Programming:: |
|
|
386 * Nonlinear Programming:: |
|
|
387 * Linear Least Squares:: |
|
|
388 |
|
|
389 Control Theory |
|
|
390 |
|
|
391 * sysstruct:: |
|
|
392 * sysinterface:: |
|
|
393 * sysdisp:: |
|
|
394 * blockdiag:: |
|
|
395 * numerical:: |
|
|
396 * sysprop:: |
|
|
397 * systime:: |
|
|
398 * sysfreq:: |
|
|
399 * cacsd:: |
|
|
400 * misc:: |
|
|
401 |
|
|
402 System Data Structure |
|
|
403 |
|
|
404 * sysstructvars:: |
|
|
405 * sysstructtf:: |
|
|
406 * sysstructzp:: |
|
|
407 * sysstructss:: |
|
|
408 |
|
|
409 System Construction and Interface Functions |
|
|
410 |
|
|
411 * fir2sys:: |
|
|
412 * ss2sys:: |
|
|
413 * tf2sys:: |
|
|
414 * zp2sys:: |
|
|
415 * structaccess:: |
|
|
416 * structintern:: |
|
|
417 |
|
|
418 System Utilities |
|
|
419 |
|
|
420 * Timing Utilities:: |
|
|
421 * Filesystem Utilities:: |
|
|
422 * Controlling Subprocesses:: |
|
|
423 * Process ID Information:: |
|
|
424 * Environment Variables:: |
|
|
425 * Current Working Directory:: |
|
|
426 * Password Database Functions:: |
|
|
427 * Group Database Functions:: |
|
|
428 * System Information:: |
|
|
429 |
|
|
430 Tips and Standards |
|
|
431 |
|
|
432 * Style Tips:: Writing clean and robust programs. |
|
|
433 * Coding Tips:: Making code run faster. |
|
|
434 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
|
|
435 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
|
|
436 * Function Headers:: Standard headers for functions. |
|
|
437 |
|
|
438 Known Causes of Trouble with Octave |
|
|
439 |
|
|
440 * Actual Bugs:: Bugs we will fix later. |
|
|
441 * Reporting Bugs:: |
|
|
442 * Bug Criteria:: |
|
|
443 * Bug Lists:: |
|
|
444 * Bug Reporting:: |
|
|
445 * Sending Patches:: |
|
|
446 * Service:: |
|
|
447 |
|
|
448 Reporting Bugs |
|
|
449 |
|
|
450 * Bug Criteria:: |
|
|
451 * Where: Bug Lists. Where to send your bug report. |
|
|
452 * Reporting: Bug Reporting. How to report a bug effectively. |
|
|
453 * Patches: Sending Patches. How to send a patch for Octave. |
|
|
454 |
|
|
455 Installing Octave |
|
|
456 |
|
|
457 * Installation Problems:: |
|
|
458 * Binary Distributions:: |
|
|
459 |
|
|
460 Binary Distributions |
|
|
461 |
|
|
462 * Installing Octave from a Binary Distribution:: |
|
|
463 * Creating a Binary Distribution:: |
|
|
464 |
|
|
465 Emacs Octave Support |
|
|
466 |
|
|
467 * Installing EOS:: |
|
|
468 * Using Octave Mode:: |
|
|
469 * Running Octave From Within Emacs:: |
|
|
470 * Using the Emacs Info Reader for Octave:: |
|
|
471 |
|
|
472 Grammar |
|
|
473 |
|
|
474 * Keywords:: |
|
|
475 |
|
|
476 @end detailmenu |
|
|
477 @end menu |
|
|
478 |
|
|
479 @include preface.texi |
|
|
480 @include intro.texi |
|
|
481 @include basics.texi |
|
|
482 @include data.texi |
|
|
483 @include numbers.texi |
|
|
484 @include strings.texi |
|
|
485 @include struct.texi |
|
3439
|
486 @include container.texi |
|
|
487 @include stream.texi |
|
3403
|
488 @include var.texi |
|
|
489 @include expr.texi |
|
|
490 @include eval.texi |
|
|
491 @include stmt.texi |
|
|
492 @include func.texi |
|
|
493 @include errors.texi |
|
|
494 @include io.texi |
|
|
495 @include plot.texi |
|
|
496 @include matrix.texi |
|
|
497 @include arith.texi |
|
|
498 @include linalg.texi |
|
|
499 @include nonlin.texi |
|
|
500 @include quad.texi |
|
|
501 @include diffeq.texi |
|
|
502 @include optim.texi |
|
|
503 @include stats.texi |
|
3439
|
504 @include finance.texi |
|
3403
|
505 @include set.texi |
|
|
506 @include poly.texi |
|
|
507 @include control.texi |
|
|
508 @include signal.texi |
|
|
509 @include image.texi |
|
|
510 @include audio.texi |
|
|
511 @include system.texi |
|
|
512 |
|
|
513 @c maybe add again later, if anyone every writes any really interesting |
|
|
514 @c fun stuff for Octave. |
|
|
515 @c |
|
|
516 @c @include amuse.texi |
|
|
517 |
|
|
518 @c Appendices start here. Installation and bugs have to go before the |
|
|
519 @c readline and Info appendices because we want to have separate indices |
|
|
520 @c for them, and there appears to be no way to go back to the original |
|
|
521 @c set of indices once a redirection has taken place. |
|
|
522 |
|
|
523 @include tips.texi |
|
|
524 @include bugs.texi |
|
|
525 @include install.texi |
|
|
526 @include emacs.texi |
|
|
527 @include grammar.texi |
|
|
528 @include gpl.texi |
|
|
529 |
|
|
530 @include cp-idx.texi |
|
|
531 @include vr-idx.texi |
|
|
532 @include fn-idx.texi |
|
|
533 @include op-idx.texi |
|
|
534 |
|
|
535 @contents |
|
|
536 |
|
|
537 @bye |
