changeset 32598:2f3b54f81947

avoid dim_vector copies in more places where possible (bug #64962) Where possible, use const reference to capture temporary dim_vector objects instead of making copies. Affected files: variable-editor-model.cc, besselj.cc, bitfcns.cc, cellfun.cc, data.cc, ellipj.cc, filter.cc, find.cc, gl-render.cc, graphics.cc, graphics.in.h, jsondecode.cc, jsonencode.cc, ls-mat5.cc, matrix_type.cc, mex.cc, oct-map.cc, pr-output.cc, sub2ind.cc, tril.cc, xpow.cc, ov-base-diag.cc, ov-base-int.cc, ov-base-mat.cc, ov-base-sparse.cc, ov-bool-mat.cc, ov-bool-sparse.cc, ov-cell.cc, ov-class.cc, ov-class.h, ov-classdef.cc, ov-cx-mat.cc, ov-cx-sparse.cc, ov-flt-cx-mat.cc, ov-flt-re-mat.cc, ov-intx.h, ov-java.cc, ov-perm.cc, ov-re-mat.cc, ov-re-sparse.cc, ov-str-mat.cc, ov-struct.cc, ovl.cc, op-int.h, op-str-str.cc, op-struct.cc, pt-eval.cc, pt-tm-const.cc, Array-base.cc, Array-util.cc, CNDArray.cc, CSparse.cc, Sparse.cc, dNDArray.cc, dSparse.cc, fCNDArray.cc, fNDArray.cc, bsxfun-defs.cc, lo-specfun.cc, mx-inlines.cc, oct-binmap.h.
author John W. Eaton <jwe@octave.org>
date Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:48:06 -0500
parents 2c3808f6155b
children 60c1b3ffd859
files libgui/src/variable-editor-model.cc libinterp/corefcn/besselj.cc libinterp/corefcn/bitfcns.cc libinterp/corefcn/cellfun.cc libinterp/corefcn/data.cc libinterp/corefcn/ellipj.cc libinterp/corefcn/filter.cc libinterp/corefcn/find.cc libinterp/corefcn/gl-render.cc libinterp/corefcn/graphics.cc libinterp/corefcn/graphics.in.h libinterp/corefcn/jsondecode.cc libinterp/corefcn/jsonencode.cc libinterp/corefcn/ls-mat5.cc libinterp/corefcn/matrix_type.cc libinterp/corefcn/mex.cc libinterp/corefcn/oct-map.cc libinterp/corefcn/pr-output.cc libinterp/corefcn/sub2ind.cc libinterp/corefcn/tril.cc libinterp/corefcn/xpow.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-diag.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-int.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-mat.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-sparse.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-bool-mat.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-bool-sparse.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-cell.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-class.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-class.h libinterp/octave-value/ov-classdef.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-cx-mat.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-cx-sparse.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-flt-cx-mat.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-flt-re-mat.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-intx.h libinterp/octave-value/ov-java.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-perm.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-re-mat.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-re-sparse.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-str-mat.cc libinterp/octave-value/ov-struct.cc libinterp/octave-value/ovl.cc libinterp/operators/op-int.h libinterp/operators/op-str-str.cc libinterp/operators/op-struct.cc libinterp/parse-tree/pt-eval.cc libinterp/parse-tree/pt-tm-const.cc liboctave/array/Array-base.cc liboctave/array/Array-util.cc liboctave/array/CNDArray.cc liboctave/array/CSparse.cc liboctave/array/Sparse.cc liboctave/array/dNDArray.cc liboctave/array/dSparse.cc liboctave/array/fCNDArray.cc liboctave/array/fNDArray.cc liboctave/numeric/bsxfun-defs.cc liboctave/numeric/lo-specfun.cc liboctave/operators/mx-inlines.cc liboctave/util/oct-binmap.h
diffstat 61 files changed, 207 insertions(+), 207 deletions(-) [+]
line wrap: on
line diff
--- a/libgui/src/variable-editor-model.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libgui/src/variable-editor-model.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
     }
   else
     {
-      dim_vector dv = elt.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = elt.dims ();
       str = "[" + dv.str () + " " + elt.class_name () + "]";
     }
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
       if (! lbl_txt.isEmpty ())
         lbl_txt += " ";
 
-      dim_vector dv = m_value.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = m_value.dims ();
 
       lbl_txt += ("["
                   + QString::fromStdString (dv.str ())
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/besselj.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/besselj.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@
         }
       else
         {
-          dim_vector dv0 = args(0).dims ();
-          dim_vector dv1 = args(1).dims ();
+          const dim_vector& dv0 = args(0).dims ();
+          const dim_vector& dv1 = args(1).dims ();
 
           bool args0_is_row_vector = (dv0(1) == dv0.numel ());
           bool args1_is_col_vector = (dv1(0) == dv1.numel ());
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@
         }
       else
         {
-          dim_vector dv0 = args(0).dims ();
-          dim_vector dv1 = args(1).dims ();
+          const dim_vector& dv0 = args(0).dims ();
+          const dim_vector& dv1 = args(1).dims ();
 
           bool args0_is_row_vector = (dv0(1) == dv0.numel ());
           bool args1_is_col_vector = (dv1(0) == dv1.numel ());
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/bitfcns.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/bitfcns.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@
 
   bool is_scalar_op = (nelx == 1 || nely == 1);
 
-  dim_vector dvx = x.dims ();
-  dim_vector dvy = y.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dvx = x.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dvy = y.dims ();
 
   bool is_array_op = (dvx == dvy);
 
@@ -475,8 +475,8 @@
                                                                         \
   bool is_scalar_op = (m_nel == 1 || n_nel == 1);                       \
                                                                         \
-  dim_vector m_dv = m.dims ();                                          \
-  dim_vector n_dv = n.dims ();                                          \
+  const dim_vector& m_dv = m.dims ();                                          \
+  const dim_vector& n_dv = n.dims ();                                          \
                                                                         \
   bool is_array_op = (m_dv == n_dv);                                    \
                                                                         \
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/cellfun.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/cellfun.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
 
       for (octave_idx_type count = 0; count < k; count++)
         {
-          dim_vector dv = f_args.elem (count).dims ();
+          const dim_vector& dv = f_args.elem (count).dims ();
           if (d < dv.ndims ())
             result(count) = static_cast<double> (dv(d));
           else
@@ -1789,7 +1789,7 @@
   if (! dimv.isempty ())
     error ("num2cell (A, dim) not implemented for class objects");
 
-  dim_vector dv = get_object_dims (array);
+  const dim_vector& dv = get_object_dims (array);
 
   retval.resize (dv);
 
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/data.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/data.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -2006,7 +2006,7 @@
               // the right type.
               tmp = cat_op (tmp, args(j), ra_idx);
 
-              dim_vector dv_tmp = args(j).dims ();
+              const dim_vector& dv_tmp = args(j).dims ();
 
               if (dim >= dv_len)
                 {
@@ -2927,11 +2927,11 @@
 
   if (nargin >= 1)
     {
-      dim_vector a_dims = args(0).dims ();
+      const dim_vector& a_dims = args(0).dims ();
 
       for (int i = 1; i < nargin; ++i)
         {
-          dim_vector b_dims = args(i).dims ();
+          const dim_vector& b_dims = args(i).dims ();
 
           if (a_dims != b_dims)
             return ovl (false);
@@ -5673,9 +5673,9 @@
   octave_value arg_1 = args(0);
   octave_value arg_2 = args(1);
 
-  dim_vector sz1 = arg_1.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& sz1 = arg_1.dims ();
   bool isvector1 = sz1.ndims () == 2 && (sz1(0) == 1 || sz1(1) == 1);
-  dim_vector sz2 = arg_2.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& sz2 = arg_2.dims ();
   bool isvector2 = sz2.ndims () == 2 && (sz2(0) == 1 || sz2(1) == 1);
 
   if (! isvector1 || ! isvector2)
@@ -7877,7 +7877,7 @@
   else if (idx.extent (n) > n)
     error ("accumdim: index out of range");
 
-  dim_vector vals_dim = vals.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& vals_dim = vals.dims ();
   dim_vector rdv = vals_dim;
 
   if (dim < 0)
@@ -7961,7 +7961,7 @@
           const NDT& tval, const NDT& fval)
 {
   typedef typename NDT::element_type T;
-  dim_vector dv = mask.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = mask.dims ();
   NDT retval (dv);
 
   bool tscl = tval.numel () == 1;
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/ellipj.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/ellipj.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
           // u is matrix, m is scalar
           ComplexNDArray u = u_arg.xcomplex_array_value ("ellipj: U must be a scalar or matrix");
 
-          dim_vector sz_u = u.dims ();
+          const dim_vector& sz_u = u.dims ();
 
           ComplexNDArray sn (sz_u), cn (sz_u), dn (sz_u);
           NDArray err (sz_u);
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
     {
       NDArray m = args(1).xarray_value ("ellipj: M must be a scalar or matrix");
 
-      dim_vector sz_m = m.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& sz_m = m.dims ();
 
       if (u_arg.is_scalar_type ())
         {
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
               // u is real array, m is array
               NDArray u = u_arg.xarray_value ("ellipj: U must be a scalar or matrix");
 
-              dim_vector sz_u = u.dims ();
+              const dim_vector& sz_u = u.dims ();
 
               if (sz_u.ndims () == 2 && sz_m.ndims () == 2
                   && sz_u(1) == 1 && sz_m(0) == 1)
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
               // u is complex array, m is array
               ComplexNDArray u = u_arg.xcomplex_array_value ("ellipj: U must be a scalar or matrix");
 
-              dim_vector sz_u = u.dims ();
+              const dim_vector& sz_u = u.dims ();
 
               if (sz_u.ndims () == 2 && sz_m.ndims () == 2
                   && sz_u(1) == 1 && sz_m(0) == 1)
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/filter.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/filter.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
   if (norm == static_cast<T> (0.0))
     error ("filter: the first element of A must be nonzero");
 
-  dim_vector x_dims = x.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& x_dims = x.dims ();
   if (dim < 0 || dim > x_dims.ndims ())
     error ("filter: DIM must be a valid dimension");
 
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@
 MArray<T>
 filter (MArray<T>& b, MArray<T>& a, MArray<T>& x, int dim = -1)
 {
-  dim_vector x_dims = x.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& x_dims = x.dims ();
 
   if (dim < 0)
     dim = x_dims.first_non_singleton ();
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@
     print_usage ();
 
   int dim;
-  dim_vector x_dims = args(2).dims ();
+  const dim_vector& x_dims = args(2).dims ();
 
   if (nargin == 5)
     {
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/find.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/find.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@
 
           octave_value result = arg.index_vector ().unmask ();
 
-          dim_vector dv = result.dims ();
+          const dim_vector& dv = result.dims ();
 
           retval(0) = (dv.all_zero () || dv.isvector ()
                        ? result : result.reshape (dv.as_column ()));
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/gl-render.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/gl-render.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -2543,11 +2543,11 @@
 
   NDArray c;
   const NDArray vn = props.get_vertexnormals ().array_value ();
-  dim_vector vn_dims = vn.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& vn_dims = vn.dims ();
   bool has_vertex_normals = (vn_dims(0) == zr && vn_dims(1) == zc
                              && vn_dims(2) == 3);
   const NDArray fn = props.get_facenormals ().array_value ();
-  dim_vector fn_dims = fn.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& fn_dims = fn.dims ();
   bool has_face_normals = (fn_dims(0) == zr - 1 && fn_dims(1) == zc - 1
                            && fn_dims(2) == 3);
 
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/graphics.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/graphics.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -1579,7 +1579,7 @@
 
   if (xok && m_size_constraints.size () > 0)
     {
-      dim_vector vdims = v.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& vdims = v.dims ();
       int vlen = vdims.ndims ();
 
       xok = false;
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/graphics.in.h	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/graphics.in.h	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -4899,7 +4899,7 @@
 
     Matrix get_auto_xdata ()
     {
-      dim_vector dv = get_cdata ().dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = get_cdata ().dims ();
       Matrix data;
       if (dv(1) > 0.)
         {
@@ -4911,7 +4911,7 @@
 
     Matrix get_auto_ydata ()
     {
-      dim_vector dv = get_cdata ().dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = get_cdata ().dims ();
       Matrix data;
       if (dv(0) > 0.)
         {
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/jsondecode.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/jsondecode.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
   if (same_field_names)
     {
       octave_map struct_array;
-      dim_vector struct_array_dims = dim_vector (struct_cell.numel (), 1);
+      const dim_vector& struct_array_dims = dim_vector (struct_cell.numel (), 1);
 
       if (field_names.numel ())
         {
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
   bool is_struct = cell(0).isstruct ();
   string_vector field_names = is_struct ? cell(0).map_value ().fieldnames ()
                               : string_vector ();
-  dim_vector sub_array_dims = cell(0).dims ();
+  const dim_vector& sub_array_dims = cell(0).dims ();
   octave_idx_type sub_array_ndims = cell(0).ndims ();
   octave_idx_type cell_numel = cell.numel ();
   for (octave_idx_type i = 0; i < cell_numel; ++i)
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/jsonencode.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/jsonencode.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@
     {
       octave_idx_type idx;
       octave_idx_type ndims = array.ndims ();
-      dim_vector dims = array.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dims = array.dims ();
 
       // In this case, we already have a vector. So,  we transform it to 2-D
       // vector in order to be detected by "isvector" in the recursive call
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/ls-mat5.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/ls-mat5.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -2114,7 +2114,7 @@
 maybe_convert_to_u16 (const charNDArray& chm, std::size_t& n16_str)
 {
   uint16_t *u16_str;
-  dim_vector dv = chm.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = chm.dims ();
 
   if (chm.ndims () == 2 && dv(0) == 1)
     {
@@ -2328,7 +2328,7 @@
   std::string cname = tc.class_name ();
   std::size_t max_namelen = 63;
 
-  dim_vector dv = tc.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = tc.dims ();
   int nd = tc.ndims ();
   int dim_len = 4*nd;
 
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/matrix_type.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/matrix_type.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
               const ColumnVector perm = args(2).xvector_value ("matrix_type: Invalid permutation vector PERM");
 
               octave_idx_type len = perm.numel ();
-              dim_vector dv = args(0).dims ();
+              const dim_vector& dv = args(0).dims ();
 
               if (len != dv(0))
                 error ("matrix_type: Invalid permutation vector PERM");
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
               const ColumnVector perm = args(2).xvector_value ("matrix_type: Invalid permutation vector PERM");
 
               octave_idx_type len = perm.numel ();
-              dim_vector dv = args(0).dims ();
+              const dim_vector& dv = args(0).dims ();
 
               if (len != dv(0))
                 error ("matrix_type: Invalid permutation vector PERM");
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/mex.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/mex.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@
         m_dims = static_cast<mwSize *> (mxArray::malloc (m_ndims
                                         * sizeof (mwSize)));
 
-        dim_vector dv = m_val.dims ();
+        const dim_vector& dv = m_val.dims ();
 
         for (mwIndex i = 0; i < m_ndims; i++)
           m_dims[i] = dv(i);
@@ -1870,7 +1870,7 @@
   {
     octave_value retval;
 
-    dim_vector dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
 
     switch (get_class_id ())
       {
@@ -2189,7 +2189,7 @@
 
     octave_value retval;
 
-    dim_vector dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
 
     switch (get_class_id ())
       {
@@ -2361,7 +2361,7 @@
   {
     octave_value retval;
 
-    dim_vector dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
 
     switch (get_class_id ())
       {
@@ -2545,7 +2545,7 @@
 
     octave_value retval;
 
-    dim_vector dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
 
     switch (get_class_id ())
       {
@@ -2822,7 +2822,7 @@
 
   octave_value as_octave_value (void) const
   {
-    dim_vector dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
 
     string_vector keys (m_fields, m_nfields);
 
@@ -2925,7 +2925,7 @@
 
   octave_value as_octave_value (void) const
   {
-    dim_vector dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims_to_dim_vector ();
 
     Cell c (dv);
 
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/oct-map.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/oct-map.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@
     }
   else
     {
-      dim_vector dv = dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
       if (dv.all_zero ())
         *this = rb;
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/pr-output.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/pr-output.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -2124,7 +2124,7 @@
 
       int ndims = nda.ndims ();
 
-      dim_vector dims = nda.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dims = nda.dims ();
 
       Array<octave_idx_type> ra_idx (dim_vector (ndims, 1), 0);
 
@@ -2712,7 +2712,7 @@
     {
       int ndims = nda.ndims ();
 
-      dim_vector dims = nda.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dims = nda.dims ();
 
       Array<octave_idx_type> ra_idx (dim_vector (ndims, 1), 0);
 
@@ -2954,7 +2954,7 @@
 
       Array<octave_idx_type> ra_idx (dim_vector (ndims, 1), 0);
 
-      dim_vector dims = nda.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dims = nda.dims ();
 
       octave_idx_type m = 1;
 
@@ -3023,7 +3023,7 @@
     {
       int ndims = nda.ndims ();
 
-      dim_vector dims = nda.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dims = nda.dims ();
 
       Array<octave_idx_type> ra_idx (dim_vector (ndims, 1), 0);
 
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/sub2ind.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/sub2ind.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
   if (nargin < 2)
     print_usage ();
 
-  dim_vector dv = get_dim_vector (args(0), "sub2ind");
+  const dim_vector& dv = get_dim_vector (args(0), "sub2ind");
 
   Array<idx_vector> idxa (dim_vector (nargin-1, 1));
 
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/tril.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/tril.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
 
   octave_value arg = args(0);
 
-  dim_vector dims = arg.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dims = arg.dims ();
   if (dims.ndims () != 2)
     error ("%s: need a 2-D matrix", name.c_str ());
   else if (k < -dims(0))
--- a/libinterp/corefcn/xpow.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/corefcn/xpow.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -1259,8 +1259,8 @@
 {
   octave_value retval;
 
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();
 
   if (a_dims != b_dims)
     {
@@ -1342,8 +1342,8 @@
 octave_value
 elem_xpow (const NDArray& a, const ComplexNDArray& b)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();
 
   if (a_dims != b_dims)
     {
@@ -1437,8 +1437,8 @@
 octave_value
 elem_xpow (const ComplexNDArray& a, const NDArray& b)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();
 
   if (a_dims != b_dims)
     {
@@ -1482,8 +1482,8 @@
 octave_value
 elem_xpow (const ComplexNDArray& a, const ComplexNDArray& b)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();
 
   if (a_dims != b_dims)
     {
@@ -2579,8 +2579,8 @@
 {
   octave_value retval;
 
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();
 
   if (a_dims != b_dims)
     {
@@ -2662,8 +2662,8 @@
 octave_value
 elem_xpow (const FloatNDArray& a, const FloatComplexNDArray& b)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();
 
   if (a_dims != b_dims)
     {
@@ -2757,8 +2757,8 @@
 octave_value
 elem_xpow (const FloatComplexNDArray& a, const FloatNDArray& b)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();
 
   if (a_dims != b_dims)
     {
@@ -2802,8 +2802,8 @@
 octave_value
 elem_xpow (const FloatComplexNDArray& a, const FloatComplexNDArray& b)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();
 
   if (a_dims != b_dims)
     {
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-diag.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-diag.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
 bool
 octave_base_diag<DMT, MT>::print_as_scalar () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   return (dv.all_ones () || dv.any_zero ());
 }
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-int.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-int.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 octave_base_int_matrix<T>::convert_to_str_internal (bool, bool, char type) const
 {
   octave_value retval;
-  dim_vector dv = this->dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = this->dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
 
   charNDArray chm (dv);
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
 bool
 octave_base_int_matrix<T>::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = this->dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = this->dims ();
 
   os << "# ndims: " << dv.ndims () << "\n";
 
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@
 bool
 octave_base_int_matrix<T>::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = this->dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = this->dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
   hid_t save_type_hid = save_type;
-  dim_vector dv = this->dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = this->dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
 octave_base_matrix<MT>::is_true () const
 {
   bool retval = false;
-  dim_vector dv = m_matrix.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = m_matrix.dims ();
   int nel = dv.numel ();
 
   if (nel > 0)
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
 bool
 octave_base_matrix<MT>::print_as_scalar () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   return (dv.all_ones () || dv.any_zero ());
 }
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-base-sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@
 octave_base_sparse<T>::is_true () const
 {
   bool retval = false;
-  dim_vector dv = matrix.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = matrix.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   octave_idx_type nz = nnz ();
 
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
 bool
 octave_base_sparse<T>::print_as_scalar () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   return (dv.all_ones () || dv.any_zero ());
 }
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@
 bool
 octave_base_sparse<T>::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = this->dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = this->dims ();
 
   // Ensure that additional memory is deallocated
   matrix.maybe_compress ();
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-bool-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-bool-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
 bool
 octave_bool_matrix::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () > 2)
     {
       NDArray tmp = array_value ();
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@
 octave_bool_matrix::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool /* save_as_floats */)
 {
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@
 
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-bool-sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-bool-sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
 bool
 octave_sparse_bool_matrix::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = this->dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = this->dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
 
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-cell.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-cell.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
   octave_value val = m_matrix(i, j);
 
   std::string tname = val.type_name ();
-  dim_vector dv = val.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = val.dims ();
   std::string dimstr = dv.str ();
   return "[" + dimstr + " " + tname + "]";
 }
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@
   else
     {
       indent (os);
-      dim_vector dv = m_matrix.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = m_matrix.dims ();
       os << '{' << dv.str () << " Cell Array}";
       newline (os);
     }
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@
 bool
 octave_cell::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () > 2)
     {
       os << "# ndims: " << dv.ndims () << "\n";
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@
 bool
 octave_cell::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool save_as_floats)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@
 {
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-class.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-class.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
               // distribute the elements of the parent object to
               // the elements of MAP.
 
-              dim_vector parent_dims = parent.dims ();
+              const dim_vector& parent_dims = parent.dims ();
 
               m_map.resize (parent_dims);
 
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@
     }
   else
     {
-      dim_vector dv = dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
       int nd = dv.ndims ();
 
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-class.h	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-class.h	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
   // of elements is numel () * nfields ().
   octave_idx_type numel () const
   {
-    dim_vector dv = dims ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
     return dv.numel ();
   }
 
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-classdef.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-classdef.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@
           else
             {
               octave_value val = prop.get_value (m_object, false);
-              dim_vector dims = val.dims ();
+              const dim_vector& dims = val.dims ();
 
               os << std::setw (max_len+2) << nm << ": ";
               if (val.is_string ())
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-cx-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-cx-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
 bool
 octave_complex_matrix::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () > 2)
     {
       ComplexNDArray tmp = complex_array_value ();
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@
 bool
 octave_complex_matrix::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool save_as_floats)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@
 {
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-cx-sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-cx-sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
 octave_sparse_complex_matrix::save_binary (std::ostream& os,
     bool save_as_floats)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = this->dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = this->dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@
 
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-flt-cx-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-flt-cx-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
 bool
 octave_float_complex_matrix::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dv.ndims () > 2)
     {
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@
 bool
 octave_float_complex_matrix::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@
 
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-flt-re-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-flt-re-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
 octave_float_matrix::convert_to_str_internal (bool, bool, char type) const
 {
   octave_value retval;
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
 
   charNDArray chm (dv);
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
 bool
 octave_float_matrix::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dv.ndims () > 2)
     {
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@
 bool
 octave_float_matrix::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@
 
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-intx.h	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-intx.h	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
   matrix_value (bool = false) const
   {
     Matrix retval;
-    dim_vector dv = dims ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
     if (dv.ndims () > 2)
       error ("invalid conversion of %s to Matrix", type_name ().c_str ());
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
   float_matrix_value (bool = false) const
   {
     FloatMatrix retval;
-    dim_vector dv = dims ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
     if (dv.ndims () > 2)
       error ("invalid conversion of %s to FloatMatrix", type_name ().c_str ());
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
   complex_matrix_value (bool = false) const
   {
     ComplexMatrix retval;
-    dim_vector dv = dims ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
     if (dv.ndims () > 2)
       error ("invalid conversion of %s to Matrix", type_name ().c_str ());
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
   float_complex_matrix_value (bool = false) const
   {
     FloatComplexMatrix retval;
-    dim_vector dv = dims ();
+    const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
     if (dv.ndims () > 2)
       error ("invalid conversion of %s to FloatMatrix", type_name ().c_str ());
 
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-java.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-java.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -1835,7 +1835,7 @@
     {
       jclass_ref mcls (jni_env, find_octave_class (jni_env,
                        "org/octave/Matrix"));
-      dim_vector dims = val.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dims = val.dims ();
       jintArray_ref iv (jni_env, jni_env->NewIntArray (dims.ndims ()));
       jint *iv_data = jni_env->GetIntArrayElements (jintArray (iv), nullptr);
 
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-perm.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-perm.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@
 bool
 octave_perm_matrix::print_as_scalar () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   return (dv.all_ones () || dv.any_zero ());
 }
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-re-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-re-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
 octave_matrix::convert_to_str_internal (bool, bool, char type) const
 {
   octave_value retval;
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
 
   charNDArray chm (dv);
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@
 bool
 octave_matrix::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dv.ndims () > 2)
     {
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@
 octave_matrix::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool save_as_floats)
 {
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@
 
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-re-sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-re-sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
 octave_sparse_matrix::convert_to_str_internal (bool, bool, char type) const
 {
   octave_value retval;
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
 
   if (nel == 0)
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
 bool
 octave_sparse_matrix::save_binary (std::ostream& os, bool save_as_floats)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = this->dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = this->dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@
 
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-str-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-str-mat.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@
     }
 
   std::string tname = type_name ();
-  dim_vector dv = m_matrix.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = m_matrix.dims ();
   std::string dimstr = dv.str ();
   return "[" + dimstr + " " + tname + "]";
 }
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
 bool
 octave_char_matrix_str::save_ascii (std::ostream& os)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () > 2)
     {
       charNDArray tmp = char_array_value ();
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@
 octave_char_matrix_str::save_binary (std::ostream& os,
                                      bool /* save_as_floats */)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@
 
 #if defined (HAVE_HDF5)
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int empty = save_hdf5_empty (loc_id, name, dv);
   if (empty)
     return (empty > 0);
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ov-struct.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ov-struct.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@
       increment_indent_level ();
 
       indent (os);
-      dim_vector dv = dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
       os << dv.str () << " struct array containing the fields:";
       newline (os);
 
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@
     }
 
   std::string tname = val.type_name ();
-  dim_vector dv = val.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = val.dims ();
   std::string dimstr = dv.str ();
   return "[" + dimstr + " " + tname + "]";
 }
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@
 
   octave_idx_type nf = m.nfields ();
 
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 1)
     return false;
 
@@ -1382,7 +1382,7 @@
             {
               indent (os);
               os << key;
-              dim_vector dv = val.dims ();
+              const dim_vector& dv = val.dims ();
               os << ": " << dv.str () << ' ' << val.type_name ();
               newline (os);
             }
@@ -1443,7 +1443,7 @@
   octave_value val = m_map.contents (r);
 
   std::string tname = val.type_name ();
-  dim_vector dv = val.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = val.dims ();
   std::string dimstr = dv.str ();
   return "[" + dimstr + " " + tname + "]";
 }
--- a/libinterp/octave-value/ovl.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/octave-value/ovl.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
 
   for (octave_idx_type i = 0; i < n; i++)
     {
-      dim_vector dv = elem(i).dims ();
+      const dim_vector& dv = elem(i).dims ();
       if (! dv.all_ones ())
         return false;
     }
--- a/libinterp/operators/op-int.h	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/operators/op-int.h	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -702,8 +702,8 @@
   static octave_value                                           \
   elem_xpow (const T1 ## NDArray& a, const T2 ## NDArray& b)    \
   {                                                             \
-    dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
-    dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
     if (a_dims != b_dims)                                       \
       {                                                         \
         if (! is_valid_bsxfun ("operator .^", a_dims, b_dims))  \
@@ -723,8 +723,8 @@
   static octave_value                                           \
   elem_xpow (const T1 ## NDArray& a, const NDArray& b)          \
   {                                                             \
-    dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
-    dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
     if (a_dims != b_dims)                                       \
       {                                                         \
         if (! is_valid_bsxfun ("operator .^", a_dims, b_dims))  \
@@ -744,8 +744,8 @@
   static octave_value                                           \
   elem_xpow (const NDArray& a, const T2 ## NDArray& b)          \
   {                                                             \
-    dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
-    dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
     if (a_dims != b_dims)                                       \
       {                                                         \
         if (! is_valid_bsxfun ("operator .^", a_dims, b_dims))  \
@@ -765,8 +765,8 @@
   static octave_value                                           \
   elem_xpow (const T1 ## NDArray& a, const FloatNDArray& b)     \
   {                                                             \
-    dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
-    dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
     if (a_dims != b_dims)                                       \
       {                                                         \
         if (! is_valid_bsxfun ("operator .^", a_dims, b_dims))  \
@@ -786,8 +786,8 @@
   static octave_value                                           \
   elem_xpow (const FloatNDArray& a, const T2 ## NDArray& b)     \
   {                                                             \
-    dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
-    dim_vector b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();                              \
+    const dim_vector& b_dims = b.dims ();                              \
     if (a_dims != b_dims)                                       \
       {                                                         \
         if (! is_valid_bsxfun ("operator .^", a_dims, b_dims))  \
--- a/libinterp/operators/op-str-str.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/operators/op-str-str.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@
   CONCAT2(oct_binop_, name) (const octave_base_value& a1,               \
                              const octave_base_value& a2)               \
   {                                                                     \
-    dim_vector a1_dims = a1.dims ();                                    \
-    dim_vector a2_dims = a2.dims ();                                    \
+    const dim_vector& a1_dims = a1.dims ();                                    \
+    const dim_vector& a2_dims = a2.dims ();                                    \
                                                                         \
     bool a1_is_scalar = a1_dims.all_ones ();                            \
     bool a2_is_scalar = a2_dims.all_ones ();                            \
--- a/libinterp/operators/op-struct.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/operators/op-struct.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
   OCTAVE_CAST_BASE_VALUE (const octave_matrix&, v2, a2);
 
   NDArray tmp = v2.array_value ();
-  dim_vector dv = tmp.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = tmp.dims ();
 
   if (! dv.all_zero ())
     error ("invalid concatenation of structure with matrix");
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
   OCTAVE_CAST_BASE_VALUE (const octave_struct&, v2, a2);
 
   NDArray tmp = v1.array_value ();
-  dim_vector dv = tmp.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = tmp.dims ();
 
   if (! dv.all_zero ())
     error ("invalid concatenation of structure with matrix");
--- a/libinterp/parse-tree/pt-eval.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/parse-tree/pt-eval.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -3190,7 +3190,7 @@
       // A matrix or cell is reshaped to 2 dimensions and iterated by
       // columns.
 
-      dim_vector dv = rhs.dims ().redim (2);
+      const dim_vector& dv = rhs.dims ().redim (2);
 
       octave_idx_type nrows = dv(0);
       octave_idx_type steps = dv(1);
--- a/libinterp/parse-tree/pt-tm-const.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/libinterp/parse-tree/pt-tm-const.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
     {
       octave_quit ();
 
-      dim_vector this_elt_dv = val.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& this_elt_dv = val.dims ();
 
       if (! this_elt_dv.zero_by_zero ())
         {
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 
   m_class_name = get_concat_class (m_class_name, this_elt_class_name);
 
-  dim_vector this_elt_dv = val.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& this_elt_dv = val.dims ();
 
   if (! this_elt_dv.zero_by_zero ())
     {
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
     {
       octave_quit ();
 
-      dim_vector this_elt_dv = val.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& this_elt_dv = val.dims ();
 
       if (! this_elt_dv.zero_by_zero ())
         {
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@
       std::string this_elt_class_name = elt.class_name ();
       m_class_name = get_concat_class (m_class_name, this_elt_class_name);
 
-      dim_vector this_elt_dv = elt.dims ();
+      const dim_vector& this_elt_dv = elt.dims ();
 
       m_all_empty = false;
 
--- a/liboctave/array/Array-base.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/Array-base.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@
           // Indexed object and index are both vectors.  Set result size
           // and orientation as above.
 
-          dim_vector dv = dims ();
+          const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
           result_dims = dv.make_nd_vector (idx_len);
         }
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@
 Array<T, Alloc>::index (const octave::idx_vector& i, const octave::idx_vector& j) const
 {
   // Get dimensions, allowing Fortran indexing in the 2nd dim.
-  dim_vector dv = m_dimensions.redim (2);
+  const dim_vector& dv = m_dimensions.redim (2);
   octave_idx_type r = dv(0);
   octave_idx_type c = dv(1);
   Array<T, Alloc> retval;
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@
   Array<T, Alloc> tmp = *this;
   if (resize_ok)
     {
-      dim_vector dv = m_dimensions.redim (2);
+      const dim_vector& dv = m_dimensions.redim (2);
       octave_idx_type r = dv(0);
       octave_idx_type c = dv(1);
       octave_idx_type rx = i.extent (r);
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@
   if (resize_ok)
     {
       int ial = ia.numel ();
-      dim_vector dv = m_dimensions.redim (ial);
+      const dim_vector& dv = m_dimensions.redim (ial);
       dim_vector dvx = dim_vector::alloc (ial);
       for (int i = 0; i < ial; i++)
         dvx(i) = ia(i).extent (dv(i));
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@
 
   Array<T, Alloc> m (dims ());
 
-  dim_vector dv = m.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = m.dims ();
 
   if (m.numel () < 1)
     {
@@ -2540,7 +2540,7 @@
 Array<T, Alloc>
 Array<T, Alloc>::diag (octave_idx_type k) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   octave_idx_type nd = dv.ndims ();
   Array<T, Alloc> d;
 
@@ -2685,7 +2685,7 @@
     {
       for (octave_idx_type i = 0; i < n; i++)
         {
-          dim_vector dv = array_list[i].dims ();
+          const dim_vector& dv = array_list[i].dims ();
 
           if (dv.zero_by_zero ())
             istart++;
@@ -2791,7 +2791,7 @@
 std::ostream&
 operator << (std::ostream& os, const Array<T, Alloc>& a)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dims = a.dims ();
 
   int n_dims = a_dims.ndims ();
 
--- a/liboctave/array/Array-util.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/Array-util.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
     {
       OCTAVE_LOCAL_BUFFER (Array<octave_idx_type>, rdata, n);
 
-      dim_vector odv = idx.orig_dimensions ();
+      const dim_vector& odv = idx.orig_dimensions ();
       for (octave_idx_type j = 0; j < n; j++)
         rdata[j] = Array<octave_idx_type> (odv);
 
--- a/liboctave/array/CNDArray.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/CNDArray.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 ComplexNDArray::fourier (int dim) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dim > dv.ndims () || dim < 0)
     return ComplexNDArray ();
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 ComplexNDArray::ifourier (int dim) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dim > dv.ndims () || dim < 0)
     return ComplexNDArray ();
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 ComplexNDArray::fourier2d () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 2)
     return ComplexNDArray ();
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 ComplexNDArray::ifourier2d () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 2)
     return ComplexNDArray ();
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 ComplexNDArray::fourierNd () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int rank = dv.ndims ();
 
   const Complex *in (data ());
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 ComplexNDArray::ifourierNd () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int rank = dv.ndims ();
 
   const Complex *in (data ());
@@ -507,8 +507,8 @@
 ComplexNDArray&
 ComplexNDArray::insert (const NDArray& a, octave_idx_type r, octave_idx_type c)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dv = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dv = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   int n = a_dv.ndims ();
 
--- a/liboctave/array/CSparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/CSparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
 SparseComplexMatrix::max (Array<octave_idx_type>& idx_arg, int dim) const
 {
   SparseComplexMatrix result;
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   octave_idx_type nr = dv(0);
   octave_idx_type nc = dv(1);
 
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
 SparseComplexMatrix::min (Array<octave_idx_type>& idx_arg, int dim) const
 {
   SparseComplexMatrix result;
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   octave_idx_type nr = dv(0);
   octave_idx_type nc = dv(1);
 
--- a/liboctave/array/Sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/Sparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
     (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
       ("Sparse::Sparse (const Sparse&, const dim_vector&): dimension mismatch");
 
-  dim_vector old_dims = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& old_dims = a.dims ();
   octave_idx_type new_nzmax = a.nnz ();
   octave_idx_type new_nr = dv(0);
   octave_idx_type new_nc = dv(1);
--- a/liboctave/array/dNDArray.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/dNDArray.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 NDArray::fourier (int dim) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dim > dv.ndims () || dim < 0)
     return ComplexNDArray ();
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 NDArray::ifourier (int dim) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dim > dv.ndims () || dim < 0)
     return ComplexNDArray ();
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 NDArray::fourier2d () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 2)
     return ComplexNDArray ();
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 NDArray::ifourier2d () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 2)
     return ComplexNDArray ();
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 NDArray::fourierNd () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int rank = dv.ndims ();
 
   const double *in (data ());
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
 ComplexNDArray
 NDArray::ifourierNd () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int rank = dv.ndims ();
 
   ComplexNDArray tmp (*this);
--- a/liboctave/array/dSparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/dSparse.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
 SparseMatrix::max (Array<octave_idx_type>& idx_arg, int dim) const
 {
   SparseMatrix result;
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   octave_idx_type nr = dv(0);
   octave_idx_type nc = dv(1);
 
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
 SparseMatrix::min (Array<octave_idx_type>& idx_arg, int dim) const
 {
   SparseMatrix result;
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   octave_idx_type nr = dv(0);
   octave_idx_type nc = dv(1);
 
--- a/liboctave/array/fCNDArray.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/fCNDArray.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatComplexNDArray::fourier (int dim) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dim > dv.ndims () || dim < 0)
     return FloatComplexNDArray ();
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatComplexNDArray::ifourier (int dim) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dim > dv.ndims () || dim < 0)
     return FloatComplexNDArray ();
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatComplexNDArray::fourier2d () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 2)
     return FloatComplexNDArray ();
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatComplexNDArray::ifourier2d () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 2)
     return FloatComplexNDArray ();
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatComplexNDArray::fourierNd () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int rank = dv.ndims ();
 
   const FloatComplex *in (data ());
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatComplexNDArray::ifourierNd () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int rank = dv.ndims ();
 
   const FloatComplex *in (data ());
@@ -520,8 +520,8 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray::insert (const NDArray& a,
                              octave_idx_type r, octave_idx_type c)
 {
-  dim_vector a_dv = a.dims ();
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& a_dv = a.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   int n = a_dv.ndims ();
 
--- a/liboctave/array/fNDArray.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/array/fNDArray.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatNDArray::fourier (int dim) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dim > dv.ndims () || dim < 0)
     return FloatComplexNDArray ();
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatNDArray::ifourier (int dim) const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
 
   if (dim > dv.ndims () || dim < 0)
     return FloatComplexNDArray ();
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatNDArray::fourier2d () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 2)
     return FloatComplexNDArray ();
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatNDArray::ifourier2d () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   if (dv.ndims () < 2)
     return FloatComplexNDArray ();
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatNDArray::fourierNd () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int rank = dv.ndims ();
 
   const float *in (data ());
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
 FloatComplexNDArray
 FloatNDArray::ifourierNd () const
 {
-  dim_vector dv = dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = dims ();
   int rank = dv.ndims ();
 
   FloatComplexNDArray tmp (*this);
--- a/liboctave/numeric/bsxfun-defs.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/numeric/bsxfun-defs.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
               void (*op_vs) (std::size_t, R *, const X *, Y))
 {
   int nd = std::max (x.ndims (), y.ndims ());
-  dim_vector dvx = x.dims ().redim (nd);
-  dim_vector dvy = y.dims ().redim (nd);
+  const dim_vector& dvx = x.dims ().redim (nd);
+  const dim_vector& dvy = y.dims ().redim (nd);
 
   // Construct the result dimensions.
   dim_vector dvr;
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
                       void (*op_vv) (std::size_t, R *, const X *),
                       void (*op_vs) (std::size_t, R *, X))
 {
-  dim_vector dvr = r.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dvr = r.dims ();
   dim_vector dvx = x.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nd = r.ndims ();
   dvx = dvx.redim (nd);
--- a/liboctave/numeric/lo-specfun.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/numeric/lo-specfun.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 airy (const ComplexNDArray& z, bool deriv, bool scaled,
       Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = z.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = z.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   ComplexNDArray retval (dv);
 
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@
 airy (const FloatComplexNDArray& z, bool deriv, bool scaled,
       Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = z.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = z.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   FloatComplexNDArray retval (dv);
 
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@
 do_bessel (dptr f, const char *, double alpha, const ComplexNDArray& x,
            bool scaled, Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = x.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = x.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   ComplexNDArray retval (dv);
 
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@
 do_bessel (dptr f, const char *, const NDArray& alpha, const Complex& x,
            bool scaled, Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = alpha.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = alpha.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   ComplexNDArray retval (dv);
 
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@
 do_bessel (dptr f, const char *fn, const NDArray& alpha,
            const ComplexNDArray& x, bool scaled, Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = x.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = x.dims ();
   ComplexNDArray retval;
 
   if (dv != alpha.dims ())
@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@
 do_bessel (fptr f, const char *, float alpha, const FloatComplexNDArray& x,
            bool scaled, Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = x.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = x.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   FloatComplexNDArray retval (dv);
 
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@
 do_bessel (fptr f, const char *, const FloatNDArray& alpha,
            const FloatComplex& x, bool scaled, Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = alpha.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = alpha.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   FloatComplexNDArray retval (dv);
 
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@
            const FloatComplexNDArray& x, bool scaled,
            Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = x.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = x.dims ();
   FloatComplexNDArray retval;
 
   if (dv != alpha.dims ())
@@ -1392,7 +1392,7 @@
 biry (const ComplexNDArray& z, bool deriv, bool scaled,
       Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = z.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = z.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   ComplexNDArray retval (dv);
 
@@ -1450,7 +1450,7 @@
 biry (const FloatComplexNDArray& z, bool deriv, bool scaled,
       Array<octave_idx_type>& ierr)
 {
-  dim_vector dv = z.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dv = z.dims ();
   octave_idx_type nel = dv.numel ();
   FloatComplexNDArray retval (dv);
 
--- a/liboctave/operators/mx-inlines.cc	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/operators/mx-inlines.cc	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -1573,7 +1573,7 @@
                                  octave_idx_type, octave_idx_type))
 {
   octave_idx_type l, n, u;
-  dim_vector dims = src.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dims = src.dims ();
   get_extent_triplet (dims, dim, l, n, u);
 
   // Cumulative operation doesn't reduce the array size.
@@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@
                                              octave_idx_type, octave_idx_type))
 {
   octave_idx_type l, n, u;
-  dim_vector dims = src.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dims = src.dims ();
   get_extent_triplet (dims, dim, l, n, u);
 
   Array<R> ret (dims);
@@ -1649,7 +1649,7 @@
                                              octave_idx_type, octave_idx_type, octave_idx_type))
 {
   octave_idx_type l, n, u;
-  dim_vector dims = src.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& dims = src.dims ();
   get_extent_triplet (dims, dim, l, n, u);
 
   Array<R> ret (dims);
--- a/liboctave/util/oct-binmap.h	Wed Dec 13 19:58:48 2023 +0100
+++ b/liboctave/util/oct-binmap.h	Wed Dec 13 15:48:06 2023 -0500
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@
 Array<U>
 binmap (const Array<T>& xa, const Array<R>& ya, F fcn, const char *name)
 {
-  dim_vector xad = xa.dims ();
-  dim_vector yad = ya.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& xad = xa.dims ();
+  const dim_vector& yad = ya.dims ();
   if (xa.numel () == 1)
     return binmap<U, T, R, F> (xa(0), ya, fcn);
   else if (ya.numel () == 1)