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author Kai T. Ohlhus <k.ohlhus@gmail.com>
date Tue, 01 Nov 2016 00:28:55 +0100
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1 ---
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2 layout: page
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3 title: Examples
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4 permalink: /examples/
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5 menu: true
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6 ---
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8 ### Using Octave
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10 First, follow the [installation guide]({{ site.baseurl/install/ }}) to install Octave on your system. Then, launch the interactive prompt by typing `octave` in a terminal or by clicking the icon in the programs menu. For further guidance, see the manual page on [Running Octave]({{site.docs_url}}Running-Octave.html).
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12 ### Language Basics
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14 Click the headings below to see a manual page related to each topic
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15 {: .panel}
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17 ###### [Variable Assignment]({{site.docs_url}}Variables.html)
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19 Assign values to variables with `=` (Note: assignment is <a href="#" data-reveal-id="assignmentModal">pass-by-value</a>)
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21 ###### [Comments]({{site.docs_url}}Comments.html)
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23 `%` starts a comment block that continues to the end of the line.
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25 ###### [Evaluation]({{site.docs_url}}Simple-Examples.html)
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27 The output of every command is printed to the console unless terminated with `;`. The `disp()` command can be used to print output anywhere. Use `exit` to quit the console.
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29 {% highlight matlab %}
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30 t = 99 + 1 % prints 't = 100'
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31 t = 99 + 1; % nothing is printed
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32 disp(t);
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33 100
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34 {% endhighlight %}
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36 ###### [Math]({{site.docs_url}}Arithmetic.html)
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38 Many mathematical operators are available in addition to the standard arithmetic. Operations are floating-point.
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39 {% highlight matlab %}
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40 x = 3/4*pi;
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41 y = sin(x)
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42 0.70711
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43 {% endhighlight %}
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44
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45 ###### [Matrices]({{site.docs_url}}Matrices.html)
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47 Arrays in Octave are called matrices. One-dimensional matrices are referred to as vectors. Use `space` or `,` to separate elements and `;` to start a new row.
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49 {% highlight matlab %}
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50 rowVec = [8 6 4]
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51 8 6 4
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52 columnVec = [8; 6; 4]
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53 8
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54 6
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55 4
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56 mat = [8 6 4; 2 0 -2]
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57 8 6 4
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58 2 0 -2
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59 size(mat)
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60 2 3
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61 length(rowVec)
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62 3
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63 {% endhighlight %}
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64
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65 ###### [Linear Algebra]({{site.docs_url}}Linear-Algebra.html)
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66
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67 Many common linear algebra operations are simple to program using Octave's matrix syntax.
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68
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69 {% highlight matlab %}
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70 columnVec * rowVec
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71 64 48 32
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72 48 36 24
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73 32 24 16
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74 rowVec * columnVec
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75 116
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76 columnVec'
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77 8 6 4
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78 {% endhighlight %}
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79
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80 ###### [Accessing Elements]({{site.docs_url}}Index-Expressions.html)
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81
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82 Octave is 1-indexed. Matrix elements are accessed as `matrix(rowNum, columnNum)`.
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83
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84 {% highlight matlab %}
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85 mat(2,3)
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86 -2
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87 {% endhighlight %}
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88
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89 ###### [Iteration]({{site.docs_url}}Statements.html)
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90
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91 Octave supports `for` and `while` loops, as well as other control flow structures.
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92
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93 {% highlight matlab %}
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94 x = zeros(50,1);
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95 for i=1:2:100 % iterate from 1 to 100 with step size 2
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96 x(i) = i^2;
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97 end
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98
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99 y = zeros(50,1);
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100 k = 1;
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101 step = 2;
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102 while k<=(100-step)
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103 y(i) = k^2;
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104 k = k + step;
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105 end
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106 {% endhighlight %}
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107
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108 ###### [Vectorization]({{site.docs_url}}Vectorization-and-Faster-Code-Execution.html)
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110 For-loops can often be replaced or simplified using vector syntax. The operators `*`,`/`,`^`,`%` all support element-wise operations using `.`. Many other functions operate element-wise by default (`sin`,`+`,`-`, etc.).
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111
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112 {% highlight matlab %}
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113 i = 1:2:100; % create a 50-element array
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114 x = i.^2; % each element is squared
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115 y = x + 9; % add 9 to each element
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116 z = y./i; % divide each element in y by the corresponding value in i
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117 w = sin(i/10); % take the sine of each element รท 10
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118 {% endhighlight %}
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119
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120 ###### [Plotting]({{site.docs_url}}Two_002dDimensional-Plots.html)
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121
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122 `plot` can be called with vector arguments to create 2D line and scatter plots.
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123
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124 {% highlight matlab %}
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125 plot(w,i/10);
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126 title('w = sin(i/10)';
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127 xlabel('i รท 10');
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128 ylabel('w');
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129 {% endhighlight %}
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130
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131 <img src="{{site.baseurl}}/img/sinePlot.png" alt="sine plot" style="height: 20rem; width: auto;" />
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132
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133
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134 ###### [Strings]({{site.docs_url}}Strings.html)
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135
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136 Strings are simply arrays of characters. Strings can be composed using `printf`-style formatting with `sprintf` and `fprintf`.
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137 {% highlight matlab %}
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138 firstString = 'hello world';
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139 secondString = '!';
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140 [firstString,secondString]
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141 hello world!
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142 fprintf('%s %.10f \n', 'The number is:', 10)
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143 The number is: 10.0000000000
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144 {% endhighlight %}
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145
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146 ###### [If-else]({{site.docs_url}}The-if-Statement.html)
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147
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148 Conditional statements can be used to create branching logic in your code.
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149
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150 {% highlight matlab %}
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151 % Print 'Foo' if divisible by 7,
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152 % 'Fizz' if divisible by 3,
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153 % 'Buzz' if divisible by 5,
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154 % 'FizzBuzz' if divisible by 3 and 5
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155 for (i = 1:1:100)
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156 outputString = '';
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157 if (rem(i,3) == 0) % rem is the remainder function
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158 outputString = [outputString, 'Fizz'];
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159 end
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160 if (rem(i,5) == 0)
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161 outputString = [outputString, 'Buzz'];
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162 elseif (rem(i,7) == 0)
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163 outputString = 'Foo';
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164 else
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165 outputString = outputString;
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166 end
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167 fprintf('i=%g: %s \n',i,outputString);
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168 end
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169 {% endhighlight %}
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170
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171 {% highlight text %}
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172 ...
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173 i=12: Fizz
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174 i=13:
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175 i=14: Foo
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176 i=15: FizzBuzz
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177 ...
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178 {% endhighlight %}
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179
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180 ###### [Help]({{site.docs_url}}Simple-Examples.html#Help-and-Documentation)
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181
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182 The `help` and `doc` commands can be invoked at the Octave prompt to print documentation for any function.
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183
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184 {% highlight matlab %}
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185 help plot
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186 doc plot
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187 {% endhighlight %}
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188
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189 ###### [Packages]({{site.docs_url}}Packages.html)
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190
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191 Community-developed packages can be added from the [Octave Forge](http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html) to extend the functionality of Octave's core library. (Matlab users: Forge packages act similarly to Matlab's toolboxes.) The `pkg` command is used to manage these packages. For example, to use the image processing library from the Forge, use:
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192
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193 {% highlight matlab %}
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194 pkg install -forge image % install package
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195 pkg load image % load new functions into workspace
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196 {% endhighlight %}
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197
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198 <div id="assignmentModal" class="reveal-modal tiny" data-reveal aria-hidden="true" role="dialog">
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199 {% highlight matlab %}
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200 a = 1
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201 b = a
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202 b = 2
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203 a == b % returns 0 (false)
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204 {% endhighlight %}
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205 <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close">&#215;</a>
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206 </div>